The article presents the basic concepts of non-atopic asthma separately and endotypes and phenotypes of asthma in children and adults; Approaches to the pharmacotherapy of these patients are considered. A clinical case of non-atopic asthma in a 14-year-old child is described. 

The proposed review summarizes recent advances in the study of respiratory microbiota, the relationship between the upper respiratory tract microbiome and the lung, and a discussion of the possible mechanisms of influence of the microbiome on asthma and allergies. Identifying not only pathogenic bacteria, but also commensals in the respiratory tract and gastrointestinal tract (Gut- Lung axis) is an innovative approach to finding out their role in the development of inflammation and modulation of the immune response in respiratory allergies. 

The article presents the clinical cases of dermatological manifestations of various forms of lupus erythematosus, in the diagnosis of which a modern non-invasive method for the study of lesions «in vivo» was used – Reflectance Confocal Laser scanning Microscopy. As a result, pathological morphological signs of this collagenosis were revealed, which allowed us to suspect the diagnosis of lupus erythematosus at the prebiopsy stage, which was confirmed by the pathomorphological study. 

Dimethyl sulfoxide which is known since the end of XIX century, has a number of important pharmacological effects. This is an antioxidant, a substance with antimycotic and antimicrobial effects, cryoconservant, analgesic and anti-inflammatory drug, diuretic, vasodilatator. Analgesic and anti-inflammatory activities are performed also due to influence on NLRP3-inflamasomes and cytokines, as well as properties of penetrant and enhancer, make dimethyl sulfoxide attractive for treatment of musculoskeletal diseases. 

The article presents the principles of rational glucocorticoid therapy in the treatment of rheumatic diseases. They are based on strict adherence to indications for the use of glucocorticoids, the choice of their method of administration, the prescription of the most optimal drug, selection of an effective dose mode, duration of treatment, dose reduction rates and timely cancellation of glucocorticoids in achieving acceptable results of treatment. 

The article is devoted to the topical problem — evaluation of renal function in patients with ankylosing spondylitis. This group of patients has an increased risk of chronic kidney disease, due to the presence of autoimmune disease, chronic systemic inflammation, and long-term use of cytotoxic, non-steroidal anti-inflammatory drugs. It was found that most of the patients have a violation of the filtering ability of the kidneys. 

Combined treatment of patients in osteoarthrosis exacerbation in outpatient conditions, including nonsteroidal antiinflammatory drug (NSAID) and injection form of chondroitin sulfate (CS) demonstrated clinically significant reduction of pain pronouncement and improvement of joint syndrome rates against the therapy. Parenteral CS administration contributes to the fast effect, improves functional characteristics and parameters of life quality, reduces need in NSAID and has favorable safety profile, which allows to apply the preparation in patients with comorbidity in outpatient conditions. 

Osteoporosis is often complicated by compressive vertebral fractures, which reduces quality of life of the patients. Study of new effective methods for treatment of this pathology, such as kinesiotherapy, should improve the quality of life of these patients. Basing on the results, we can come to the following conclusions: kinesitherapy is an effective method of rehabilitation for patients with osteoporotic vertebral fractures. The use of this technique allows to reduce pain and increase physical activity of the patients. The QUALEFFO-41 questionnaire is an objective method for quality of life assessment of these patients. 

Approaches to improvement of the diagnostics and treatment of frequently ill children (FIC) were considered basing on new concepts of FIC pathogenesis, based on hypothesis that dysregulatory syndrome develops in this group of patients, which is connected with insufficient competence of centers located at different levels of nervous system, participating in regulation of vascular and vegetative systems. 

The review article considers current data on the etiology, pathogenesis, clinical picture, genetic diagnostics of hyperaldosteronism in children and adolescents. Phenotypic signs characteristic of this syndrome are described. Diagnostic methods and treatment strategies are presented. 

The article describes the clinical and immunological features of acute stenosing laryngotracheitis on the background of connective tissue dysplasia. The etiological characteristics of the disease according to clinical observation were given. Analysis of local immunity in these children revealed a decrease in sIgA in saliva, which indicates a decrease in local immunity and, as a result, a tendency to develop acute respiratory diseases. An immunogram study revealed a clear immunosuppressive state of the immune system: a significant reduction in the number of common lymphocytes, the level of T-lymphocytes, T-helper cells, T-cytotoxic and O-lymphocytes, and a decrease in the reserve capacity of neutrophils. Also, in children with connective tissue dysplasia, total IgE was 3,7 times increased, which was reflected in clinical observations and the disposition of such children to atopic diseases. 

Diabetic nephropathy (DN) is the main cause of the unfavorable prognosis for the life of patients with diabetes mellitus and develops equally often in different types of diabetes. And much more often and faster DN develops in patients with early DM in childhood and puberty. The relevance and importance of this problem led to the active study by scientists of various pathogenetic aspects of damage to the structure of the kidneys and microvascular bed. Currently, it is known that DN is a complex multifactorial complication that occurs for a long time without clinical manifestations. Renin-angiotensin-aldosterone system makes a significant contribution to its development. These features require the creation of new diagnostic techniques for earlier detection of pathology. 

The analysis of the population morbidity of gonococcal infection, PID, female and male infertility in the Russian Federation, the Ural Federal District and the Sverdlovsk region for the period 2008–2017 has been carried out. The results show incomplete registration of the incidence of gonococcal infection by indirect signs. 

Despite the well-studied complications of obesity and metabolic syndrome, consequences of sarcopenic obesity and motility impairment cause altered attention. Various exercise therapies and mechanotherapies are effective for their correction, normalizing muscle strength and lead to coordination improvement. Obesity treatment approaches include diet, physical activity, psychotherapy, pharmacotherapy, physiotherapy or bariatric surgery. Making the right therapeutic choice for a patient with DM type 2, aimed at weight loss, insulin resistance correction and motor disorders minimization looks like a challenge since the diabetic therapy should be effective not only for glycemic control, but also be neutral on weight. 

The article presents the results of the study on the effectiveness and tolerance of the preparation of butyric acid and inulin in patients with inflammatory diseases of small pelvis organs in standard antibiotic therapy. 

In a retrospective study the efficacy and safety of using ursodeoxycholic acid 10 mg / kg for 12 months in 76 patients with biliary sludge was assessed. Biliary pain was relieved in 64 (84.2%). Dissolution of biliary sludge occurred in 61 (80.3%) patients. The choice of the reference ursodeoxycholic acid medication (OR = 4.4; 95% Cl 1.1–12.2) had a significant positive effect on the dissolution of the biliary sludge. The statistical significance of the effect of sex and body weight on the outcome of therapy has not been confirmed (p > 0.05). Side effects were observed in 6 (7.8%) patients. 

The drugs contributing to weight loss are preferable For treatment of type 2 diabetes mellitus with overweight. Along with the widely used metformin, the following medication classes are discussed. The GLP-1 receptor agonists stimulate insulin secretion, slow down the gastric emptying, contributing to weight loss. The SGLT-2 inhibitors lessen the renal glucose reabsorption, reduce the blood pressure and contribute to a body weight reduction. A similar effect on the body weight should be awaited from an inhibitor of intestinal alpha-glucosidase (acarbose); however, its efficiency depends on the carbohydrate content of the food. 

Angiographic features of the state of coronary arteries and structural and functional changes of myocardium in patients with acute coronary syndrome (ACS) and concomitant pathology of the upper gastrointestinal tract (GIT) were studied. A direct relationship between the degree of Helicobacter pylori infection and an increase in the thickness of the interventricular septum, mass, mass index of the left ventricular myocardium was established. For patients with ACS and pathology of the upper gastrointestinal tract, a higher level of pressure in the pulmonary artery is typical. 

Current data on the role of probiotic strain Lactobacillus rhamnosus LGG® in pediatric practice are presented. LGG® strain is widely used both as a component of infant formulas and of medical preparations. Lactobacillus LGG® has a high degree of resistance to gastric acid and to bile salts, due to pili, the adhesion to intestinal epithelial cells is realized. LGG® is characterized by an active persistance of colonization of human colonic mucosa. Besides the inhibition of pathogens they participate in intestinal microbiota modulation, support reduction of risk of allergic diseases and provide formation of immunological tolerance.