Alkaline water: its effect on the organism? Literature review
Abstract
The article presents a review of the literature on the study of the influence of alkaline water on the organism, and also recommendations for use to maximize the preservation of its action. It is highlighted that the use of alkaline water can be an additional antioxidant support which favorably influences on state of health in diabetes and hyperlipidemia, and can improve blood rheology when it is disturbed due to intense physical exertion.
References
1. Riond J. L. Animal nutrition and acid-base balance // Eur J Nutr. 2001. № 40 (5). P. 245-254.
2. Gannon R. H., Millward D. J., Brown J. E. et al. Estimates of daily net endogenous acid production in the elderly UK population: analysis of the National Diet and Nutrition Survey (NDNS) of British adults aged 65 years and over // Br J Nutr. 2008, Sep; 100 (3): 615-623.
3. Adrogue H. E., Adrogue H. J. Acid-base physiology // Respir Care. 2001. Apr; 46 (4). Р. 328-341.
4. Adrogue H. J., Madias N. E. Assessing Acid-Base Status: Physiologic Versus Physicochemical Approach // Kidney Dis. 2016. Nov; 68 (5). Р. 793-802.
5. Todorovic J., Ne?ovic-Ostojic J., Milovanovic A. et al. The assessment of acid-base analysis: comparison of the «traditional» and the «modern» approaches // Med Glas (Zenica). 2015. Feb; 12 (1). Р. 7-18.
6. Prakova G. Monitoring of acid-base status of workers at a methyl methacrylate and polymethyl methacrylate production plant in Bulgaria // RAIHA J (Fairfax, Va). 2003. Jan-Feb; 64 (1). Р. 11-16.
7. Manz F. History of nutrition and acid-base physiology // Eur J Nutr. 2001. Oct; 40 (5). P. 189-199.
8. Greenhaff P. L., Gleeson M., Maughan R. J. The effects of dietary manipulation on blood acid-base status and the performance of high intensity exercise // Eur J Appl Physiol Occup Physiol. 1987. 56 (3). Р. 331-337.
9. Greenhaff P. L., Gleeson M., Whiting P. H. et al. Dietary composition and acid-base status: limiting factors in the performance of maximal exercise in man? // Eur J Appl Physiol Occup Physiol. 1987. 56 (4). Р. 444-450.
10. Remer T. Influence of nutrition on acid-base balance - metabolic aspects // Eur J Nutr. 2001. Oct; 40 (5). Р. 214-220.
11. Remer T. Influence of diet on acid-base balance // Semin Dial. 2000, Jul-Aug; 13 (4): 221-226.
12. Riond J. L. Animal nutrition and acid-base balance // Eur J Nutr. 2001 Oct; 40 (5): 245-254.
13. Akter S., Eguchi M., Kurotani K. High dietary acid load is associated with increased prevalence of hypertension: the Furukawa Nutrition and Health Study // Nutrition. 2015 Feb; 31 (2): 298-303.
14. СанПиН 2.1.4.10749-01 «Питьевая вода. Гигиенические требования к качеству воды».
15. Malagelada J. R., Longstreth G. F., Summerskill W. H. et al. Measurement of Gastric Functions during Digestion of Ordinary Solid Meals in Man // Gastroenterology. 1976, 70 (2), 203-210.
16. Hens B., Corsetti M., Brouwers J. et al. Gastrointestinal and Systemic Monitoring of Posaconazole in Humans After Fasted and Fed State Administration of a Solid Dispersion // J. Pharm. Sci. 2016, 105 (9), 2904-2912.
17. Hunt J. N., Macdonald I. The Influence of Volume on Gastric Emptying // J. Physiol. 1954, 126 (3), 459-474.
18. Rubbens J., Brouwers J., Wolfs K. et al. Ethanol Concentrations in the Human Gastrointestinal Tract after Intake of Alcoholic Beverages // Eur. J. Pharm. Sci. 2016, 86, 91-95.
19. Feinle C., Kunz P., Boesiger P. et al. Scintigraphic Validation of a Magnetic Resonance Imaging Method to Study Gastric Emptying of a Solid Meal in Humans // Gut. 1999, 44 (1), 106-111.
20. Coupe A. J., Davis S. S., Evans D. F. et al. Do Pellet Formulations Empty from the Stomach with Food? // Int. J. Pharm. 1993, 92 (1), 167-175.
21. Heading R. C., Nimmo J., Prescott L. F. et al. The Dependence of Paracetamol Absorption on the Rate of Gastric Emptying // Br. J. Pharmacol. 1973, 47 (2), 415-421.
22. Koziolek M., Grimm M., Garbacz G. et al. Intragastric Volume Changes after Intake of a High-Caloric, HighFat Standard Breakfast in Healthy Human Subjects Investigated by MRI // Mol. Pharmaceutics. 2014, 11 (5), 1632-1639.
23. Mudie D. M., Murray K., Hoad, C. L. et al. Quantification of Gastrointestinal Liquid Volumes and Distribution Following a 240 mL Dose of Water in the Fasted State // Mol. Pharmaceutics. 2014, 11 (9), 3039-3047.
24. Waldeyer H. W. Die Magenstra?e. Sitzungsberichte der Koniglich - Preussischen Akademie der Wissenschaften; Verlag der Ko?niglich Preussischen Akademie der Wissenschaften: Berlin, 1908.
25. Jefferson G. The Human Stomach and the Canalis Gastricus (Lewis) // J. Anat. Physiol. 1915, 49 (Part 2), 165-181.
26. Baastrup C. I. Roentgenological Studies of the Inner Surface of the Stomach and of the Movements of the Gastic Contents // Acta Radiol. 1924, 3 (2-3), 180-204.
27. Malagelada J. R., Go V. L., Summerskill W. H. Different gastric, pancreatic, and biliary responses to solid-liquid or homogenized meals // Dig. Dis. Sci. 1979, 24 (2), 101-110.
28. Malagelada J. R. Quantification of gastric solid-liquid discrimination during digestion of ordinary meals // Gastroenterology. 1977, 72 (6), 1264-1267.
29. Pal A., Brasseur J. G., Abrahamsson B. A stomach road or «Magenstrasse» for gastric emptying // J. Biomech. 2007, 40 (6), 1202-1210.
30. Ferrua M. J., Singh R. P. Computational modelling of gastric digestion: current challenges and future directions // Curr. Opin. Food Sci. 2015, 4, 116-123.
31. Grimm M., Scholz E., Koziolek M. et al. Gastric Water Emptying under Fed State Clinical Trial Conditions Is as Fast as under Fasted Conditions // Mol Pharm. 2017, Dec 4; 14 (12): 4262-4271.
32. Bateman D. N. Effects of meal temperature and volume on the emptying of liquid from the human stomach // J Physiol. 1982, Oct; 331: 461-467.
33. Ritschel W. A., Erni W. The influence of temperature of ingested fluid on stomach emptying time // Int J Clin Pharmacol Biopharm. 1977 Apr; 15 (4): 172-175.
34. Park E. J., Ryoo K. K., Lee Y. B. et al. Protective effect of electrolyzed reduced water on the paraquat-induced oxidative damage of human lymphocyte DNA // J. Korean Soc. Appl. Biol. Chem. 2005, 48, 155-160.
35. Hanaoka K., Sun D., Lawrence R. et al. The mechanism of the enhanced antioxidant effects against superoxide anion radicals of reduced water produced by electrolysis // Biophys Chem. 2004, Jan 1; 107 (1): 71-82.
36. Shirahata S., Kabayama S., Nakano M. et al. Electrolyzed-reduced water scavenges active oxygen species and protects DNA from oxidative damage // Biochem Biophys Res Commun. 1997, May 8; 234 (1): 269-274.
37. Lee M. Y., Kim Y. K., Ryoo K. K. et al. Electrolyzed-reduced water protects against oxidative damage to DNA, RNA, and protein // Appl Biochem Biotechnol. 2006, Nov; 135 (2): 133-144.
38. Yanagihara T., Arai K., Miyamae K. et al. Electrolyzed hydrogen-saturated water for drinking use elicits an antioxidative effect: a feeding test with rats // Biosci Biotechnol Biochem. 2005, Oct; 69 (10): 1985-1987.
39. Huang K. C., Lee K. T., Chien C. T. Reduced hemodialysis-induced oxidative stress in end-stage renal disease patients by electrolyzed reduced water // Kidney International. 2003, 64 (2), p. 704-714.
40. Huang K. C., Yang C. C., Hsu S. P. et al. Electrolyzed-reduced water reduced hemodialysis-induced erythrocyte impairment in end-stage renal disease patients // Kidney Int. 2006, Jul; 70 (2): 391-398.
41. Rubik B. Studies and observations on the health effects of drinking electrolyzed-reduced alkaline water // WIT Transactions on Ecology and The Environment. 2011. Vol. 153, 317-327.
42. Landis G. N., Tower J. Superoxide dismutase evolution and life span regulation // Mech. Ageing Dev. 2005. Vol. 126, № 3. P. 365-379.
43. Vorobjeva N. V. Selective stimulation of the growth of anaerobic microflora in the human intestinal tract by electrolyzed reducing water // Medical Hypotheses. 2005. 64 (3), p. 543-546,
44. Wang Yu-Lian. Preliminary observation on changes of blood pressure, blood sugar and blood lipids after using alkaline ionized drinking water // Shanghai Journal of Preventive Medicin. 2001, 12.
45. Jin D., Ryu S. H., Kim H. W. et al. Anti-diabetic effect of alkaline-reduced water on OLETF rats // Biosci Biotechnol Biochem. 2006, Jan; 70 (1): 31-37.
46. Edy Siswantoro, Nasrul Hadi Purwanto, Sutomo Effectiveness of Alkali Water Consumption to Reduce Blood Sugar Levels in Diabetes Mellitus Type 2 // JDM. 2017, Nov, vol. 7, № 4, р. 249-264.
47. Kim M. J., Kim H. K. Anti-diabetic effects of electrolyzed reduced water in streptozotocin-induced and genetic diabetic mice // Life Sci. 2006, Nov 10; 79 (24): 2288-2292.
48. Kim M. J., Jung K. H., Uhm Y. K. et al. Preservative effect of electrolyzed reduced water on pancreatic beta-cell mass in diabetic db/db mice // Biol. Pharm. Bull. 2007, Feb; 30 (2): 234-236
49. Li Y., Nishimura T., Teruya K. et al. Protective mechanism of reduced water against alloxan-induced pancreatic beta-cell damage: Scavenging effect against reactive oxygen species // Cytotechnology. 2002, vol. 40, № 1-3, p. 139-149.
50. Oostenbrug G. S., Mensink R. P., Hardeman M. R. et al. Exercise performance, red blood cell deformability, and lipid peroxidation: effects of fish oil and vitamin E // J Appl Physiol. 1997, Sep; 83 (3): 746-752.
51. Paik I. Y., Jeong M. H., Jin H. E. et al. Fluid replacement following dehydration reduces oxidative stress during recovery // Biochem Biophys Res Commun. 2009; 383 (1): 103-107.
52. Baskurt O. K., Meiselman H. J. Blood rheology and hemodynamics. Semin Thromb Hemost. 2003; 29 (5): 435-450.
53. Halliwell B., Gutteridge J. Free radicals in medicine and biology. Oxford: Clarendon, 1999.
54. Nwose E. U., Jelinek H. F., Richards R. S., Kerr P. G. Erythrocyte oxidative stress in clinical management of diabetes and its cardiovascular complications // Br J Biomed Sci. 2007; 64 (1): 35-43.
55. https://www.lvrach.ru/2003/04/4530251/.
56. Azizova O. A., Aseichev A. V., Piryazev A. P. et al. Effects of oxidized fibrinogen on the functions of blood cells, blood clotting, and rheology // Bull Exp Biol Med. 2007, Sep; 144 (3): 397-407.
57. Weidman J., Holsworth R. E. Jr., Brossman B. et al. Effect of electrolyzed high-pH alkaline water on blood viscosity in healthy adults // J Int Soc Sports Nutr. 2016, Nov 28; 13: 45.
58. Chycki J., Zajac T., Maszczyk A. et al. The effect of mineral-based alkaline water on hydration status and the metabolic response to short-term anaerobic exercise // Biol Sport. 2017, Sep; 34 (3): 255-261.
59. Heil D., Seifert J. Influence of bottled water on rehydration following a dehydrating bout of cycling exercise // J Int Soc Sports Nutr. 2009; 6 (Suppl 1): 1-2.
60. Chycki J., Kurylas A., Maszczyk A. et al. Alkaline water improves exercise-induced metabolic acidosis and enhances anaerobic exercise performance in combat sport athletes // PLoS One. 2018, Nov 19; 13 (11).
Review
For citations:
Khokhlova E.A. Alkaline water: its effect on the organism? Literature review. Lechaschi Vrach. 2019;(6):45. (In Russ.)
JATS XML


















