lvrachЛечащий ВрачLechaschi Vrach1560-51752687-118110.51793/OS.2022.25.2.007lvrach-885Research ArticleСТРАНИЧКА ПЕДИАТРАPEDIATRICIAN’S PAGEОлигосахариды грудного молока в детских смесях: вчера, сегодня, завтраHuman milk oligosaccharides in infant formula: yesterday, today, tomorrowhttps://orcid.org/0000-0002-3671-6508ГмошинскийИ. В.GmoshinskyI. V.

Гмошинский Иван Всеволодович, д.б.н., ведущий научный сотрудник лаборатории пищевой токсикологии и оценки безопасности нанотехнологий

109240, Москва, Устьинский проезд, 2/14

Ivan V. Gmoshinsky, Dr. of Sci. (Biol.), Leading Researcher, Laboratory of Food Toxicology and Nanotechnology Safety Assessment

2/14 Ustinsky passage, Moscow, 109240

gmosh@ion.ruhttps://orcid.org/0000-0002-6521-0936СкворцоваВ. А.SkvortsovaV. А.

Скворцова Вера Алексеевна, д.м.н., главный научный сотрудник отделения питания здорового и больного ребенка

119991, Москва, Ломоносовский проспект, 2, стр. 1

129090, Москва, пр-т Мира, 61/2м

Vera A. Skvortsova, Dr. of Sci. (Med.), Chief Researcher, Department of Healthy and Sick Child Nutrition

2 p. 1 Lomonosovsky Prospekt, Moscow, 119991

61/2m Mira Ave., Moscow, 129090

vera.skvortsova@mail.ruhttps://orcid.org/0000-0002-0603-3394БоровикТ. Э.BorovikT. Е.

Боровик Татьяна Эдуардовна, д.м.н., главный научный сотрудник, заведующий отделением питания здорового и больного ребенка

119991, Москва, Ломоносовский проспект, 2, стр. 1

119991, Москва, ул. Трубецкая, д. 8, стр. 2

Tatiana E. Borovik, Dr. of Sci. (Med.)

2 p. 1 Lomonosovsky Prospekt, Moscow, 119991

8 p. 2 Trubetskaya str., Moscow, 119991

nutrborovik@nczd.ruhttps://orcid.org/0000-0002-8453-8646БоковскаяО. А.BokovskayaO. А.

Боковская Ольга Алексеевна, директор по развитию

123060, Москва, ул. Маршала Рыбалко, 2, корп. 8

Olga A. Bokovskaya, R&D director 

2 b. 8 Marshal Rybalko str., Moscow, 123060

obokovskaya@gmail.comФедеральное государственное бюджетное учреждение науки Федеральный исследовательский центр питания, биотехнологии и безопасности пищиРоссияFederal State Budgetary Institution of Science Federal Research Center for Nutrition, Biotechnology and Food SafetyRussian FederationФедеральное государственное автономное учреждение Национальный медицинский исследовательский центр здоровья детей Министерства здравоохранения Российской Федерации; Московский областной научно-исследовательский клинический институт имени М. Ф. ВладимирскогоРоссияFederal State Autonomous Institution National Medical Research Center for Children's Health of the Ministry of Health of the Russian Federation; Moscow Regional Research Clinical Institute named after M. F. VladimirskyRussian FederationФедеральное государственное автономное учреждение Национальный медицинский исследовательский центр здоровья детей Министерства здравоохранения Российской Федерации; Федеральное государственное автономное образовательное учреждение высшего образования Первый Московский государственный медицинский университет имени И. М. Сеченова Министерства здравоохранения Российской ФедерацииРоссияFederal State Autonomous Institution National Medical Research Center for Children's Health of the Ministry of Health of the Russian Federation; Federal State Autonomous Educational Institution of Higher Education I. M. Sechenov First Moscow State Medical University of the Ministry of Health of the Russian FederationRussian FederationАкционерное общество «ИНФАПРИМ»РоссияINFAPRIM Joint Stock CompanyRussian Federation202222022022024048Copyright © Гмошинский И.В., Скворцова В.А., Боровик Т.Э., Боковская О.А., 20222022Гмошинский И.В., Скворцова В.А., Боровик Т.Э., Боковская О.А.Gmoshinsky I.V., Skvortsova V.А., Borovik T.Е., Bokovskaya O.А.Данная работа распространяется под лицензией Creative Commons Attribution 4.0.This work is licensed under a Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 License.https://journal.lvrach.ru/jour/article/view/885

Олигосахариды грудного молока являются одним из основных его компонентов и содержатся в нем в количестве от 5 до 20 г/л, уступая только лактозе и липидам и конкурируя в этом отношении с содержанием общего белка. Олигосахариды грудного молока представлены большим числом (около 200) олигосахаридных структур, в основе которых лежит структурное звено в составе остатков моносахаридов D-глюкозы, D-галактозы и N-ацетилглюкозамина, которое подвергается в различной степени дополнительной модификации остатками фукозы и сиаловой кислоты. Олигосахариды грудного молока уникальны для женского грудного молока и практически не встречаются в молоке дойных сельскохозяйственных животных, в том числе в коровьем. Первоначальные представления о роли олигосахаридов грудного молока как исключительно «бифидус-фактора» в настоящее время претерпели значительные изменения. Так, многочисленными исследованиями показаны разнообразные полезные эффекты олигосахаридов грудного молока в развитии организма ребенка, что включает стимулирующее действие на формирование нормального микробиома толстой кишки, способность к формированию эффективно функционирующего защитного кишечного барьера, связывание и нейтрализацию большого числа патогенных микроорганизмов и вирусов, иммунорегуляторное действие. Отдельные компоненты олигосахаридов грудного молока, произведенные с использованием современных биоинженерных технологий, в частности 2'-фукозиллактоза (2'FL), в последние годы приобретают большую популярность для обогащения детских смесей, заменяя традиционно используемые виды пребиотиков (галактоолигосахариды, фруктоолигосахариды, инулин). В многочисленных экспериментальных и клинических исследованиях получили подтверждение целесообразность и эффективность включения олигосахаридов грудного молока в состав адаптированных молочных смесей. Показана хорошая переносимость таких смесей и их способность обеспечивать показатели физического развития детей в пределах нормальных значений. В отдельных работах установлено положительное влияние искусственно полученных олигосахаридов грудного молока на формирование и состав кишечной микробиоты у детей первого года жизни. Показана клиническая эффективность использования детских молочных смесей, обогащенных олигосахаридами грудного молока, в отношении заболеваемости острыми респираторными инфекциями. Таким образом, олигосахариды грудного молока, произведенные современными биотехнологическими методами, являются безопасным и эффективным функциональным компонентом молочных смесей для здоровых детей грудного возраста. Исследования с целью более широкого использования данного компонента в составе продуктов питания детей, в том числе лечебных, продолжаются в настоящее время.

Breast milk oligosaccharides represent a main component of human milk and are contained in it in an amount of 5 to 20 g/l, which is below only lactose and lipids and is competing with the content of total protein in this respect. Breast milk oligosaccharides are composed by a large number (about 200) of oligosaccharide structures, which are based on a structural link based on D-glucose, D-galactose, and N-acetylglucosamine monosaccharide residues, which undergoes additional modification to varying degree by fucose and sialic acid. Breast milk oligosaccharides are unique to human breast milk and practically do not occur in the milk of dairy farm animals, such as cow's milk. Initial ideas about the role of breast milk oligosaccharides as an exclusively «bifidus factor» have now undergone significant changes. So, numerous studies have shown a variety of beneficial effects of breast milk oligosaccharides in the development of the child's body, which includes a stimulating effect on the formation of a normal microbiome of the colon, the ability to form an effectively functioning protective intestinal barrier, binding and neutralizing a large number of pathogenic microorganisms and viruses, immunoregulatory action. Individual components of breast milk oligosaccharides, produced using modern bioengineering technologies, in particular, 2'-fucosyllactose (2'FL), have become very popular recently for the enrichment of infant formulas, replacing traditionally used types of prebiotics, such as galactooligosaccharides, fructooligosaccharides and inulin. In numerous experimental and clinical studies, the expediency and effectiveness of including breast milk oligosaccharides in the composition of adapted milk formulas have been confirmed. Good tolerability of such mixtures and their ability to provide indicators of the physical development of children within the normal range have been shown. In some works, a positive effect of artificially obtained breast milk oligosaccharides on the formation and composition of the intestinal microbiota in children of the first year of life has been established. The clinical effectiveness of the use of infant formula enriched with breast milk oligosaccharides in relation to the incidence of acute respiratory infections has been shown. Thus, breast milk oligosaccharides produced by the methods of modern biotechnology are a safe and effective functional component of milk formulas for healthy infants. Research to expand the use of this components in the composition of children's nutrition products, including medicinal products, is ongoing.

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The authors declare that there are no conflicts of interest present.