<?xml version="1.0" encoding="UTF-8"?>
<!DOCTYPE article PUBLIC "-//NLM//DTD JATS (Z39.96) Journal Publishing DTD v1.3 20210610//EN" "JATS-journalpublishing1-3.dtd">
<article article-type="review-article" dtd-version="1.3" xmlns:mml="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" xmlns:xlink="http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink" xmlns:xsi="http://www.w3.org/2001/XMLSchema-instance" xml:lang="ru"><front><journal-meta><journal-id journal-id-type="publisher-id">lvrach</journal-id><journal-title-group><journal-title xml:lang="ru">Лечащий Врач</journal-title><trans-title-group xml:lang="en"><trans-title>Lechaschi Vrach</trans-title></trans-title-group></journal-title-group><issn pub-type="ppub">1560-5175</issn><issn pub-type="epub">2687-1181</issn><publisher><publisher-name>ООО «Издательство "Открытые системы"»</publisher-name></publisher></journal-meta><article-meta><article-id pub-id-type="doi">10.51793/OS.2026.29.6.013</article-id><article-id custom-type="elpub" pub-id-type="custom">lvrach-1647</article-id><article-categories><subj-group subj-group-type="heading"><subject>Research Article</subject></subj-group><subj-group subj-group-type="section-heading" xml:lang="ru"><subject>ВНУТРЕННИЕ БОЛЕЗНИ</subject></subj-group><subj-group subj-group-type="section-heading" xml:lang="en"><subject>INTERNAL DISEASES</subject></subj-group></article-categories><title-group><article-title>Сахарный диабет 2-го типа и коморбидные состояния: от клинических рекомендаций к повседневной практике</article-title><trans-title-group xml:lang="en"><trans-title>Type 2 diabetes mellitus and comorbid conditions: from clinical recommendations to daily practice</trans-title></trans-title-group></title-group><contrib-group><contrib contrib-type="author" corresp="yes"><contrib-id contrib-id-type="orcid">https://orcid.org/0000-0003-1831-8052</contrib-id><name-alternatives><name name-style="eastern" xml:lang="ru"><surname>Шацкая</surname><given-names>О. А.</given-names></name><name name-style="western" xml:lang="en"><surname>Shatskaya</surname><given-names>O. A.</given-names></name></name-alternatives><bio xml:lang="ru"><p>Шацкая Ольга Александровна, к.м.н., ведущий научный сотрудник, эндокринолог, кардиолог, врач высшей категории</p><p>117292, Москва, ул. Дмитрия Ульянова, 11</p></bio><bio xml:lang="en"><p>Olga A. Shatskaya, Cand. of Sci. (Med.), Leading Researcher, endocrinologist, cardiologist, doctor of the highest category</p><p>11 Dmitriya Ulyanova str., Moscow, 117292</p></bio><email xlink:type="simple">shatskaya@bk.ru</email><xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff-1"/></contrib></contrib-group><aff-alternatives id="aff-1"><aff xml:lang="ru"><institution>Национальный медицинский исследовательский центр эндокринологии имени академика И. И. Дедова</institution><country>Россия</country></aff><aff xml:lang="en"><institution>I. I. Dedov Endocrinology Research Centre</institution><country>Russian Federation</country></aff></aff-alternatives><pub-date pub-type="collection"><year>2026</year></pub-date><pub-date pub-type="epub"><day>01</day><month>07</month><year>2026</year></pub-date><volume>0</volume><issue>6</issue><fpage>99</fpage><lpage>104</lpage><permissions><copyright-statement>Copyright &amp;#x00A9; Шацкая О.А., 2026</copyright-statement><copyright-year>2026</copyright-year><copyright-holder xml:lang="ru">Шацкая О.А.</copyright-holder><copyright-holder xml:lang="en">Shatskaya O.A.</copyright-holder><license xml:lang="ru" license-type="creative-commons-attribution" xlink:href="https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/" xlink:type="simple"><license-p>Данная работа распространяется под лицензией Creative Commons Attribution 4.0.</license-p></license><license xml:lang="en" license-type="creative-commons-attribution" xlink:href="https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/" xlink:type="simple"><license-p>This work is licensed under a Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 License.</license-p></license></permissions><self-uri xlink:href="https://journal.lvrach.ru/jour/article/view/1647">https://journal.lvrach.ru/jour/article/view/1647</self-uri><abstract><p>Введение. Проблема ведения пациентов с сахарным диабетом 2-го типа в условиях коморбидности остается одной из наиболее сложных задач в клинической практике. Сердечно-сосудистые заболевания и прогрессирующее снижение скорости клубочковой фильтрации являются основной причиной смертности при сахарном диабете 2-го типа. Согласно международным и российским рекомендациям агонисты рецепторов глюкагоноподобного пептида-1 или ингибиторы натрий-глюкозного котранспортера 2-го типа целесообразно назначать пациентам независимо от исходного уровня HbA1c, с установленным атеросклеротическим сердечно-сосудистым заболеванием, сердечной недостаточностью или хронической болезнью почек.Результаты. Семаглутид, агонист рецепторов глюкагоноподобного пептида-1, является высокоэффективным препаратом для лечения сахарного диабета 2-го типа и ожирения. Проведенные исследования подчеркивают преимущества семаглутида для снижения частоты серьезных неблагоприятных сердечно-сосудистых событий, числа госпитализаций по поводу декомпенсации заболевания и замедления прогрессирования хронической болезни почек, что является важным инструментом в управлении кардиоренальными и метаболическими рисками у пациентов с сахарным диабетом 2-го типа. Многообразие эффектов семаглутида объясняется экспрессией рецепторов глюкагоноподобного пептида-1 не только в панкреатических β-клетках, но и в эндотелии сосудов, кардиомиоцитах, клетках почечных канальцев, гладкомышечных клетках и нейронах гипоталамуса. Ежедневно в клинической практике врачи сталкиваются с объективными трудностями (экономическими ограничениями, недостаточной осведомленностью части практикующих врачей об изменениях в алгоритмах терапии, инертностью сложившихся подходов, низкой приверженностью пациентов лечению). Немаловажную роль играет клиническая гетерогенность популяции больных, от молодых людей с впервые выявленным диабетом на фоне ожирения до пожилых пациентов с синдромом старческой астении и множественной коморбидностью, требующих диаметрально противоположных терапевтических стратегий. Появление на российском рынке отечественных препаратов семаглутида значительно повысило доступность данного вида лечения в Российской Федерации.</p></abstract><trans-abstract xml:lang="en"><p>Background. Managing patients with type 2 diabetes mellitus with comorbidities remains a major challenge in real clinical practice. Cardiovascular disease and progressive decline in glomerular filtration rate are the leading causes of mortality in type 2 diabetes. According to international and Russian guidelines, glucagon-like peptide-1 receptor agonists or type 2 sodium-glucose cotransporter inhibitors are preferred for patients with established atherosclerotic cardiovascular disease, heart failure, or chronic kidney disease, regardless of baseline HbA1c. Semaglutide, a glucagon-like peptide-1 receptor agonist, has been proven highly effective for the treatment of type 2 diabetes and obesity. Clinical trials have shown that semaglutide reduces major adverse cardiovascular events, lowers hospitalization rates for heart failure, and slows chronic kidney disease progression, making it an essential tool for managing cardiorenal-metabolic risk in patients with type 2 diabetes.Results. Semaglutide exerts a wide range of effects because of the varied expression of the glucagon-like peptide-1 receptors not only in pancreatic β-cells, but also in vascular endothelium, cardiomyocytes, renal tubular cells, smooth muscle cells, and hypothalamic neurons. In daily clinical practice, physicians routinely face inherent challenges, such as economic constraints, a lack of awareness of updated therapeutic strategies among some clinicians, therapeutic inertia, and poor treatment adherence. Population clinical heterogeneity plays a crucial role, ranging from young adults with newly diagnosed diabetes and concomitant obesity to elderly patients with frailty syndrome and multiple comorbidities, who require diametrically opposed therapeutic strategies. The introduction of domestic semaglutide to the Russian market has significantly enhanced access to this treatment in the Russian Federation.</p></trans-abstract><kwd-group xml:lang="ru"><kwd>сахарный диабет 2-го типа</kwd><kwd>коморбидность</kwd><kwd>клинические рекомендации</kwd><kwd>персонализированная медицина</kwd><kwd>сердечно-сосудистые заболевания</kwd><kwd>хроническая болезнь почек</kwd><kwd>агонисты рецепторов глюкагоноподобного пептида-1</kwd><kwd>ожирение</kwd><kwd>семаглутид</kwd></kwd-group><kwd-group xml:lang="en"><kwd>type 2 diabetes mellitus</kwd><kwd>comorbidity</kwd><kwd>clinical guidelines</kwd><kwd>personalized medicine</kwd><kwd>cardiovascular diseases</kwd><kwd>chronic kidney disease</kwd><kwd>glucagon-like peptide-1 receptor agonists</kwd><kwd>obesity</kwd><kwd>semaglutide</kwd></kwd-group></article-meta></front><back><ref-list><title>References</title><ref id="cit1"><label>1</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Ogurtsova K., et al. IDF diabetes Atlas: Global estimates of undiagnosed diabetes in adults for 2021. Diabetes Res Clin Pract. 2022; 183: 109118. DOI: 10.1016/j.diabres.2021.109118.</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Ogurtsova K., et al. IDF diabetes Atlas: Global estimates of undiagnosed diabetes in adults for 2021. Diabetes Res Clin Pract. 2022; 183: 109118. DOI: 10.1016/j.diabres.2021.109118.</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="cit2"><label>2</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Ong K. L., et al. Global, regional, and national burden of diabetes from 1990 to 2021. Lancet. 2023; 402 (10397): 203-234. DOI: 10.1016/S0140-6736 (23)01301-6.</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Ong K. L., et al. Global, regional, and national burden of diabetes from 1990 to 2021. Lancet. 2023; 402 (10397): 203-234. DOI: 10.1016/S0140-6736 (23)01301-6.</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="cit3"><label>3</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Демидова Т. Ю., Ушанова Ф. О., Богачева Т. Л. Семаглутид в терапии СД 2-го типа. FOCUS Эндокринология. 2023; 4 (3): 13-28. DOI: 10.15829/2713-0177-2023-3-11.</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Demidova T. Yu., Ushanova F. O., Bogacheva T. L. Semaglutide in type 2 diabetes management. FOCUS Endokrinologiya. 2023; 4 (3): 13-28. (In Russ.) DOI: 10.15829/2713-0177-2023-3-11.</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="cit4"><label>4</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Schechter M., Melzer Cohen C., Yanuv I., et al. Epidemiology of the diabetescardio-renal spectrum: a cross-sectional report of 1.4 million adults. Cardiovasc Diabetol. 2022; 21 (1): 104. DOI: 10.1186/s12933-022-01521-9.</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Schechter M., Melzer Cohen C., Yanuv I., et al. Epidemiology of the diabetescardio-renal spectrum: a cross-sectional report of 1.4 million adults. Cardiovasc Diabetol. 2022; 21 (1): 104. DOI: 10.1186/s12933-022-01521-9.</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="cit5"><label>5</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Norhammar A., Bodegard J., Vanderheyden M., et al. Prevalence, outcomes and costs of a contemporary, multinational population with heart failure. Heart. 2023; 109 (7): 548-556. DOI: 10.1136/heartjnl-2022-321702.</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Norhammar A., Bodegard J., Vanderheyden M., et al. Prevalence, outcomes and costs of a contemporary, multinational population with heart failure. Heart. 2023; 109 (7): 548-556. DOI: 10.1136/heartjnl-2022-321702.</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="cit6"><label>6</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Сахарный диабет 2-го типа у взрослых. Клинические рекомендации. М.: Министерство здравоохранения Российской Федерации, 2022. 198 с. URL: https://base.garant.ru/405051673/.</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Type 2 diabetes mellitus in adults: clinical guidelines. M.: The Ministry of Health of the Russian Federation, 2022, p. 198. (In Russ.) URL: https://base.garant.ru/405051673/.</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="cit7"><label>7</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Deanfield J., Verma S., Scirica B. M., et al. Semaglutide and cardiovascular outcomes in patients with obesity and prevalent heart failure: a prespecified analysis of the SELECT trial. Lancet. 2024; 404 (10454): 773-786. DOI: 10.1016/S0140-6736 (24)01498-3.</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Deanfield J., Verma S., Scirica B. M., et al. Semaglutide and cardiovascular outcomes in patients with obesity and prevalent heart failure: a prespecified analysis of the SELECT trial. Lancet. 2024; 404 (10454): 773-786. DOI: 10.1016/S0140-6736 (24)01498-3.</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="cit8"><label>8</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Kluger A. Y., et al. Cardiorenal Outcomes in the CANVAS, DECLARE-TIMI 58, and EMPA-REG OUTCOME Trials: A Systematic Review. Reviews in Cardiovascular Medicine. 2018; (2): 41-49. DOI: 10.31083/j.rcm.2018.02.907.</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Kluger A. Y., et al. Cardiorenal Outcomes in the CANVAS, DECLARE-TIMI 58, and EMPA-REG OUTCOME Trials: A Systematic Review. Reviews in Cardiovascular Medicine. 2018; (2): 41-49. DOI: 10.31083/j.rcm.2018.02.907.</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="cit9"><label>9</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Aristizabal-Colorado D., et al. A decade of progress in type 2 diabetes and cardiovascular disease: advances in SGLT2 inhibitors and GLP-1 receptor agonists – a comprehensive review. Front. Endocrinol. Sec. Cardiovascular Endocrinology. 2025; (16). DOI.org/10.3389/fendo.2025.1605746.</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Aristizabal-Colorado D., et al. A decade of progress in type 2 diabetes and cardiovascular disease: advances in SGLT2 inhibitors and GLP-1 receptor agonists – a comprehensive review. Front. Endocrinol. Sec. Cardiovascular Endocrinology. 2025; (16). DOI.org/10.3389/fendo.2025.1605746.</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="cit10"><label>10</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Дедов И. И., Шестакова М. В., Майоров А. Ю. и др. Алгоритмы специализированной медицинской помощи больным сахарным диабетом. 12-й выпуск. М., 2025. 236 с. URL: https://edu.endocrincentr.ru/algoritmy-specializirovannoy-medicinskoy-pomoshchi-bolnym-s-saharnym-diabetom.</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Dedov I. I., Shestakova M. V., Mayorov A. Yu., et al. Standards of specialized diabetes care (12th edition). M.: 2025, p. 236. (In Russ.) URL: https://edu.endocrincentr.ru/algoritmy-specializirovannoy-medicinskoy-pomoshchi-bolnym-s-saharnym-diabetom.</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="cit11"><label>11</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Hideaki Kaneto, et al. Multifaceted Mechanisms of Action of Metformin Which Have Been Unraveled One after Another in the Long History. Int J Mol Sci. 2021; 22 (5): 2596. DOI: 10.3390/ijms22052596.</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Hideaki Kaneto, et al. Multifaceted Mechanisms of Action of Metformin Which Have Been Unraveled One after Another in the Long History. Int J Mol Sci. 2021; 22 (5): 2596. DOI: 10.3390/ijms22052596.</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="cit12"><label>12</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Tope Olufade, et al. Clinical Outcomes and Healthcare Resource Utilization in a Real-World Population Reflecting the DAPA-CKD Trial Participants. Adv Ther. 2021; 38 (2): 1352-1363. DOI: 10.1007/s12325-020-01609-2.</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Tope Olufade, et al. Clinical Outcomes and Healthcare Resource Utilization in a Real-World Population Reflecting the DAPA-CKD Trial Participants. Adv Ther. 2021; 38 (2): 1352-1363. DOI: 10.1007/s12325-020-01609-2.</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="cit13"><label>13</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Chertow G. M., et al. Effects of Dapagliflozin in Chronic Kidney Disease, With and Without Other Cardiovascular Medications: DAPA-CKD Trial. J Am Heart Assoc. 2023; 12: e028739. DOI: 10.1161/JAHA.122.028739.</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Chertow G. M., et al. Effects of Dapagliflozin in Chronic Kidney Disease, With and Without Other Cardiovascular Medications: DAPA-CKD Trial. J Am Heart Assoc. 2023; 12: e028739. DOI: 10.1161/JAHA.122.028739.</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="cit14"><label>14</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Pérez-Belmonte L. M., Sanz-Cánovas J., García de Lucas M. D., et al. Efficacy and safety of semaglutide for the management of obese patients with type 2 diabetes and chronic heart failure in real-world clinical practice. Front Endocrinol. 2022; 13: 851035. DOI: 10.3389/fendo.2022.851035.</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Pérez-Belmonte L. M., Sanz-Cánovas J., García de Lucas M. D., et al. Efficacy and safety of semaglutide for the management of obese patients with type 2 diabetes and chronic heart failure in real-world clinical practice. Front Endocrinol. 2022; 13: 851035. DOI: 10.3389/fendo.2022.851035.</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="cit15"><label>15</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Rowlands J., et al. Pleiotropic Effects of GLP-1 and Analogs on Cell Signaling, Metabolism, and Function. Front Endocrinol (Lausanne). 2018; 9: 672. DOI: 10.3389/fendo.2018.00672.</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Rowlands J., et al. Pleiotropic Effects of GLP-1 and Analogs on Cell Signaling, Metabolism, and Function. Front Endocrinol (Lausanne). 2018; 9: 672. DOI: 10.3389/fendo.2018.00672.</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="cit16"><label>16</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Naim Alkhouri, et al. The pleiotropic effects of glucagon-like peptide-1 receptor agonists in patients with metabolic dysfunction-associated steatohepatitis: a review for gastroenterologists. Expert Opin Investig Drugs. 2025; 34 (3): 169-195. DOI: 10.1080/13543784.2025.2473062.</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Naim Alkhouri, et al. The pleiotropic effects of glucagon-like peptide-1 receptor agonists in patients with metabolic dysfunction-associated steatohepatitis: a review for gastroenterologists. Expert Opin Investig Drugs. 2025; 34 (3): 169-195. DOI: 10.1080/13543784.2025.2473062.</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="cit17"><label>17</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Lau J., Bloch P., Schaffer L., et al. Discovery of the once-weekly glucagon-like peptide-1 (GLP-1) analogue semaglutide. J Med Chem. 2015; 58 (18): 7370-7380. DOI: 10.1021/acs.jmedchem.5b00726.</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Lau J., Bloch P., Schaffer L., et al. Discovery of the once-weekly glucagon-like peptide-1 (GLP-1) analogue semaglutide. J Med Chem. 2015; 58 (18): 7370-7380. DOI: 10.1021/acs.jmedchem.5b00726.</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="cit18"><label>18</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Areesha Moiz, et al. Mechanisms of GLP-1 Receptor Agonist-Induced Weight Loss: A Review of Central and Peripheral Pathways in Appetite and Energy Regulation. Am J Med. 2025; 138 (6): 934-940. DOI: 10.1016/j.amjmed.2025.01.021.</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Areesha Moiz, et al. Mechanisms of GLP-1 Receptor Agonist-Induced Weight Loss: A Review of Central and Peripheral Pathways in Appetite and Energy Regulation. Am J Med. 2025; 138 (6): 934-940. DOI: 10.1016/j.amjmed.2025.01.021.</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="cit19"><label>19</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Drucker D. J. GLP-1 physiology informs the pharmacotherapy of obesity. Mol Metab. 2022; 57: 101351. DOI: 10.1016/j.molmet.2021.101351.</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Drucker D. J. GLP-1 physiology informs the pharmacotherapy of obesity. Mol Metab. 2022; 57: 101351. DOI: 10.1016/j.molmet.2021.101351.</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="cit20"><label>20</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Eka Melson, et al. What is the pipeline for future medications for obesity? Int J Obes (Lond). 2025; 49 (3): 433-451. DOI: 10.1038/s41366-024-01473-y.</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Eka Melson, et al. What is the pipeline for future medications for obesity? Int J Obes (Lond). 2025; 49 (3): 433-451. DOI: 10.1038/s41366-024-01473-y.</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="cit21"><label>21</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Theodorakis N. Semaglutide in heart failure and atherosclerotic cardiovascular disease: the current state-of-the-art. Heart Fail Rev. 2025; 30 (4): 801-816. DOI: 10.1007/s10741-025-10506-1.</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Theodorakis N. Semaglutide in heart failure and atherosclerotic cardiovascular disease: the current state-of-the-art. Heart Fail Rev. 2025; 30 (4): 801-816. DOI: 10.1007/s10741-025-10506-1.</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="cit22"><label>22</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Simone Pasquale Crispino. Current and Emerging Roles of GLP1 Receptor Agonists Across the Spectrum of Left Ventricular Ejection Fraction in Heart Failure. Biomolecules. 2025; 15 (11): 1574. DOI: 10.3390/biom15111574.</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Simone Pasquale Crispino. Current and Emerging Roles of GLP1 Receptor Agonists Across the Spectrum of Left Ventricular Ejection Fraction in Heart Failure. Biomolecules. 2025; 15 (11): 1574. DOI: 10.3390/biom15111574.</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="cit23"><label>23</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Yue Yin, et al. Efficacy of GLP-1 Receptor Agonist-Based Therapies on Cardiovascular Events and Cardiometabolic Parameters in Obese Individuals Without Diabetes: A Meta-Analysis of Randomized Controlled Trials. J Diabetes. 2025; 17 (4): e70082. DOI: 10.1111/1753-0407.70082.</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Yue Yin, et al. Efficacy of GLP-1 Receptor Agonist-Based Therapies on Cardiovascular Events and Cardiometabolic Parameters in Obese Individuals Without Diabetes: A Meta-Analysis of Randomized Controlled Trials. J Diabetes. 2025; 17 (4): e70082. DOI: 10.1111/1753-0407.70082.</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="cit24"><label>24</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">MacIsaac R. J., et al. Semaglutide: a key medication for managing cardiovascular-kidney-metabolic syndrome. Future Cardiology. 2025; 9 (21): 663-683. DOI: 10.1080/14796678.2025.2511412.</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">MacIsaac R. J., et al. Semaglutide: a key medication for managing cardiovascular-kidney-metabolic syndrome. Future Cardiology. 2025; 9 (21): 663-683. DOI: 10.1080/14796678.2025.2511412.</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="cit25"><label>25</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Lincoff A. M., Brown Frandsen K., Colhoun H. M., et al. Semaglutide and cardiovascular outcomes in obesity without diabetes. N Engl J Med. 2023; 389 (24): 2221-2232. DOI: 10.1056/NEJMoa2307563.</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Lincoff A. M., Brown Frandsen K., Colhoun H. M., et al. Semaglutide and cardiovascular outcomes in obesity without diabetes. N Engl J Med. 2023; 389 (24): 2221-2232. DOI: 10.1056/NEJMoa2307563.</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="cit26"><label>26</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Deanfield J., et al. Semaglutide and cardiovascular outcomes in patients with obesity and prevalent heart failure: a prespecified analysis of the SELECT trial. Lancet. 2024; 404 (10454): 773-786. DOI: 10.1016/S0140-6736 (24)01498-3.</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Deanfield J., et al. Semaglutide and cardiovascular outcomes in patients with obesity and prevalent heart failure: a prespecified analysis of the SELECT trial. Lancet. 2024; 404 (10454): 773-786. DOI: 10.1016/S0140-6736 (24)01498-3.</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="cit27"><label>27</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Shaman A. M., Bain S. C., Bakris G. L., et al. Effect of the glucagon-like peptide-1 receptor agonists semaglutide and liraglutide on kidney outcomes in patients with type 2 diabetes: pooled analysis of SUSTAIN 6 and LEADER. Circulation. 2022; 145 (8): 575-585. DOI: 10.1161/CIRCULATIONAHA.121.055459.</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Shaman A. M., Bain S. C., Bakris G. L., et al. Effect of the glucagon-like peptide-1 receptor agonists semaglutide and liraglutide on kidney outcomes in patients with type 2 diabetes: pooled analysis of SUSTAIN 6 and LEADER. Circulation. 2022; 145 (8): 575-585. DOI: 10.1161/CIRCULATIONAHA.121.055459.</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="cit28"><label>28</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Colhoun H. M., Lingvay I., Brown P. M., et al. Long-term kidney outcomes of semaglutide in obesity and cardiovascular disease in the SELECT trial. Nat Med. 2024; 30 (7): 2058-2066. DOI: 10.1038/s41591-024-03015-5.</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Colhoun H. M., Lingvay I., Brown P. M., et al. Long-term kidney outcomes of semaglutide in obesity and cardiovascular disease in the SELECT trial. Nat Med. 2024; 30 (7): 2058-2066. DOI: 10.1038/s41591-024-03015-5.</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="cit29"><label>29</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Apperloo E. M., Gorriz J. L., Soler M. J., et al. Semaglutide in patients with overweight or obesity and chronic kidney disease without diabetes: a randomized double-blind placebo-controlled clinical trial. Nat Med. 2025; 31 (1): 278-285. DOI: 10.1038/s41591-024-03327-6.</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Apperloo E. M., Gorriz J. L., Soler M. J., et al. Semaglutide in patients with overweight or obesity and chronic kidney disease without diabetes: a randomized double-blind placebo-controlled clinical trial. Nat Med. 2025; 31 (1): 278-285. DOI: 10.1038/s41591-024-03327-6.</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="cit30"><label>30</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">MacIsaac R. J., et al. Glucagon-like peptide-1 receptor agonists and kidney outcomes. J Diabetes. 2024; 16 (10): e13609. DOI: 10.1111/1753-0407.</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">MacIsaac R. J., et al. Glucagon-like peptide-1 receptor agonists and kidney outcomes. J Diabetes. 2024; 16 (10): e13609. DOI: 10.1111/1753-0407.</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="cit31"><label>31</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Trevella P., et al. Potential kidney protective effects of glucagon-like peptide-1 receptor agonists. Nephrology (Carlton). 2024; 29 (8): 457-469. DOI: 10.1111/nep.14336.</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Trevella P., et al. Potential kidney protective effects of glucagon-like peptide-1 receptor agonists. Nephrology (Carlton). 2024; 29 (8): 457-469. DOI: 10.1111/nep.14336.</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="cit32"><label>32</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Tuttle K. R., Mann J. F., Rayner B., et al. Semaglutide Reduced Risks of Major Kidney Outcomes Irrespective of CKD Severity in the FLOW Trial. Clinical Journal of the American Society of Nephrology. 2026; 21 (5): 841-851. DOI: 10.2215/CJN.0000000974.</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Tuttle K. R., Mann J. F., Rayner B., et al. Semaglutide Reduced Risks of Major Kidney Outcomes Irrespective of CKD Severity in the FLOW Trial. Clinical Journal of the American Society of Nephrology. 2026; 21 (5): 841-851. DOI: 10.2215/CJN.0000000974.</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="cit33"><label>33</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Friedman A. N., Pratley R. E., Tuttle K. R., et al. Effect of Semaglutide on Hemoglobin A1c and Body Weight Change by CKD Stage: Post Hoc Analysis from the FLOW Trial. Journal of the American Society of Nephrology. 2025; 36 (10S). DOI: 10.1681/ASN.2025fr6fq33q.</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Friedman A. N., Pratley R. E., Tuttle K. R., et al. Effect of Semaglutide on Hemoglobin A1c and Body Weight Change by CKD Stage: Post Hoc Analysis from the FLOW Trial. Journal of the American Society of Nephrology. 2025; 36 (10S). DOI: 10.1681/ASN.2025fr6fq33q.</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="cit34"><label>34</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Bergmann N. C., Davies M. J., Lingvay I., et al. Semaglutide for the treatment of overweight and obesity: a review. Diabetes Obes Metab. 2023; 25 (1): 18-35. DOI: 10.1111/dom.14863.</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Bergmann N. C., Davies M. J., Lingvay I., et al. Semaglutide for the treatment of overweight and obesity: a review. Diabetes Obes Metab. 2023; 25 (1): 18-35. DOI: 10.1111/dom.14863.</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="cit35"><label>35</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Gorriz J. L., Romera I., Cobo A., et al. Glucagon-like peptide-1 receptor agonist Use in people living with type 2 diabetes mellitus and chronic kidney disease: a narrative review of the key evidence with practical considerations. Diabetes Ther. 2022; 13 (3): 389-421. DOI: 10.1007/s13300-021-01198-5.</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Gorriz J. L., Romera I., Cobo A., et al. Glucagon-like peptide-1 receptor agonist Use in people living with type 2 diabetes mellitus and chronic kidney disease: a narrative review of the key evidence with practical considerations. Diabetes Ther. 2022; 13 (3): 389-421. DOI: 10.1007/s13300-021-01198-5.</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="cit36"><label>36</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Khan S. S., Ndumele C. E., Kazi D. S., et al. Discontinuation of glucagon-like peptide-1 receptor agonists. JAMA. 2024; 2024: 1-8. DOI: 10.1155/2024/8056440.</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Khan S. S., Ndumele C. E., Kazi D. S., et al. Discontinuation of glucagon-like peptide-1 receptor agonists. JAMA. 2024; 2024: 1-8. DOI: 10.1155/2024/8056440.</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="cit37"><label>37</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">ГРЛС МЗ РФ. Инструкция по медицинскому применению лекарственного препарата Дэглюнорм.</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">GRLS of the Ministry of Health of the Russian Federation. Instructions for the medical use of the drug Deglunorm.</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref></ref-list><fn-group><fn fn-type="conflict"><p>The authors declare that there are no conflicts of interest present.</p></fn></fn-group></back></article>
