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<article article-type="review-article" dtd-version="1.3" xmlns:mml="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" xmlns:xlink="http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink" xmlns:xsi="http://www.w3.org/2001/XMLSchema-instance" xml:lang="ru"><front><journal-meta><journal-id journal-id-type="publisher-id">lvrach</journal-id><journal-title-group><journal-title xml:lang="ru">Лечащий Врач</journal-title><trans-title-group xml:lang="en"><trans-title>Lechaschi Vrach</trans-title></trans-title-group></journal-title-group><issn pub-type="ppub">1560-5175</issn><issn pub-type="epub">2687-1181</issn><publisher><publisher-name>ООО «Издательство "Открытые системы"»</publisher-name></publisher></journal-meta><article-meta><article-id pub-id-type="doi">10.51793/OS.2026.29.6.011</article-id><article-id custom-type="elpub" pub-id-type="custom">lvrach-1645</article-id><article-categories><subj-group subj-group-type="heading"><subject>Research Article</subject></subj-group><subj-group subj-group-type="section-heading" xml:lang="ru"><subject>ВНУТРЕННИЕ БОЛЕЗНИ</subject></subj-group><subj-group subj-group-type="section-heading" xml:lang="en"><subject>INTERNAL DISEASES</subject></subj-group></article-categories><title-group><article-title>Оценка модифицируемых факторов риска предраковых заболеваний толстой кишки</article-title><trans-title-group xml:lang="en"><trans-title>Assessment of modifiable risk factors for precancerous colon diseases</trans-title></trans-title-group></title-group><contrib-group><contrib contrib-type="author" corresp="yes"><name-alternatives><name name-style="eastern" xml:lang="ru"><surname>Попцова</surname><given-names>Н. А.</given-names></name><name name-style="western" xml:lang="en"><surname>Poptsova</surname><given-names>N. A.</given-names></name></name-alternatives><bio xml:lang="ru"><p>Попцова Наталья Александровна, гастроэнтеролог, заведующая отделением профилактики; ассистент кафедры пропедевтики внутренних болезней, гастроэнтерологии и диетологии имени С. М. Рысса, аспирант 2-го курса кафедры эпидемиологии, паразитологии и дезинфектологии и кафедры пропедевтики внутренних болезней, гастроэнтерологии и диетологии имени С. М. Рысса</p><p>198099, Санкт-Петербург, ул. Косинова, 17, лит. А</p><p>195067, Санкт-Петербург, Пискаревский пр., 47</p></bio><bio xml:lang="en"><p>Natalya A. Poptsova, gastroenterologist, Head of the Department of Preventive Medicine; assistant of the Department of Propedeutics of Internal Diseases, Gastroenterology and Dietology named after S. M. Ryss, Secondyear Postgraduate Student of the Department of Epidemiology, Parasitology and Disinfectology and Department of Propedeutics of Internal Diseases, Gastroenterology and Dietology named after S. M. Ryss</p><p>17 lit. A Kosinova str., Saint Petersburg, 198099</p><p>47 Piskarevsky ave., Saint Petersburg, 195067</p></bio><email xlink:type="simple">natalia.poptsova@yandex.ru</email><xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff-1"/></contrib><contrib contrib-type="author" corresp="yes"><contrib-id contrib-id-type="orcid">https://orcid.org/0000-0002-6151-2021</contrib-id><name-alternatives><name name-style="eastern" xml:lang="ru"><surname>Бакулин</surname><given-names>И. Г.</given-names></name><name name-style="western" xml:lang="en"><surname>Bakulin</surname><given-names>I. G.</given-names></name></name-alternatives><bio xml:lang="ru"><p>Бакулин Игорь Геннадьевич, д.м.н. профессор, главный внештатный специалист-терапевт Министерства здравоохранения Российской Федерации по Северо-Западному федеральному округу Российской Федерации, главный внештатный специалист-гастроэнтеролог Ленинградской области, директор Института терапии, заведующий кафедрой пропедевтики внутренних болезней, гастроэнтерологии и диетологии им. С. М. Рысса</p><p>195067, Санкт-Петербург, Пискаревский пр., 47</p></bio><bio xml:lang="en"><p>Igor G. Bakulin, Dr. of Sci. (Med.), Professor, Chief Non-staff Specialist in Internal Medicine of the Ministry of Health of the Russian Federation for the North-Western Federal District, Chief Non-staff Gastroenterologist of the Leningrad Region, Director of the Institute of Therapy, Head of the Department of Propedeutics of Internal Diseases, Gastroenterology and Dietology named after S. M. Ryss</p><p>47 Piskarevsky ave., Saint Petersburg, 195067</p></bio><email xlink:type="simple">igbakulin@yandex.ru</email><xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff-2"/></contrib><contrib contrib-type="author" corresp="yes"><name-alternatives><name name-style="eastern" xml:lang="ru"><surname>Асланов</surname><given-names>Б. И.</given-names></name><name name-style="western" xml:lang="en"><surname>Aslanov</surname><given-names>B. I.</given-names></name></name-alternatives><bio xml:lang="ru"><p>Асланов Батырбек Исмелович, д.м.н., профессор, заведующий кафедрой эпидемиологии, паразитологии и дезинфектологии</p><p>195067, Санкт-Петербург, Пискаревский пр., 47</p></bio><bio xml:lang="en"><p>Batyrbek I. Aslanov, Dr. of Sci. (Med.), Professor, Head of the Department of Epidemiology, Parasitology and Disinfectology</p><p>47 Piskarevsky ave., Saint Petersburg, 195067</p></bio><email xlink:type="simple">Batyrbek.Aslanov@szgmu.ru</email><xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff-2"/></contrib><contrib contrib-type="author" corresp="yes"><name-alternatives><name name-style="eastern" xml:lang="ru"><surname>Жарков</surname><given-names>А. В.</given-names></name><name name-style="western" xml:lang="en"><surname>Zharkov</surname><given-names>A. V.</given-names></name></name-alternatives><bio xml:lang="ru"><p>Жарков Александр Вячеславович, к.м.н., доцент кафедры пропедевтики внутренних болезней, гастроэнтерологии и диетологии имени С. М. Рысса</p><p>195067, Санкт-Петербург, Пискаревский пр., 47</p><p>191124, Санкт-Петербург, ул. Лафонская, 6, лит. А</p></bio><bio xml:lang="en"><p>Aleksandr V. Zharkov, Cand. of Sci. (Med.), Associate Professor of the Department of Propedeutics of Internal Diseases, Gastroenterology and Dietology named after S. M. Ryss; Chairman</p><p>47 Piskarevsky ave., Saint Petersburg, 195067</p><p>6 lit. A Lafonskaya str., Saint Petersburg, 191124</p></bio><email xlink:type="simple">av_zharkov@lenreg.ru</email><xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff-3"/></contrib></contrib-group><aff-alternatives id="aff-1"><aff xml:lang="ru"><institution>Городская поликлиника № 23; Северо-Западный государственный медицинский университет имени И. И. Мечникова</institution><country>Россия</country></aff><aff xml:lang="en"><institution>City Polyclinic No. 23; I. I. Mechnikov Northwestern State Medical University</institution><country>Russian Federation</country></aff></aff-alternatives><aff-alternatives id="aff-2"><aff xml:lang="ru"><institution>Северо-Западный государственный медицинский университет имени И. И. Мечникова</institution><country>Россия</country></aff><aff xml:lang="en"><institution>I. I. Mechnikov Northwestern State Medical University</institution><country>Russian Federation</country></aff></aff-alternatives><aff-alternatives id="aff-3"><aff xml:lang="ru"><institution>Северо-Западный государственный медицинский университет имени И. И. Мечникова; Комитет по здравоохранению Ленинградской области</institution><country>Россия</country></aff><aff xml:lang="en"><institution>I. I. Mechnikov Northwestern State Medical University; Health Committee of the Leningrad region</institution><country>Russian Federation</country></aff></aff-alternatives><pub-date pub-type="collection"><year>2026</year></pub-date><pub-date pub-type="epub"><day>01</day><month>07</month><year>2026</year></pub-date><volume>0</volume><issue>6</issue><fpage>82</fpage><lpage>88</lpage><permissions><copyright-statement>Copyright &amp;#x00A9; Попцова Н.А., Бакулин И.Г., Асланов Б.И., Жарков А.В., 2026</copyright-statement><copyright-year>2026</copyright-year><copyright-holder xml:lang="ru">Попцова Н.А., Бакулин И.Г., Асланов Б.И., Жарков А.В.</copyright-holder><copyright-holder xml:lang="en">Poptsova N.A., Bakulin I.G., Aslanov B.I., Zharkov A.V.</copyright-holder><license xml:lang="ru" license-type="creative-commons-attribution" xlink:href="https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/" xlink:type="simple"><license-p>Данная работа распространяется под лицензией Creative Commons Attribution 4.0.</license-p></license><license xml:lang="en" license-type="creative-commons-attribution" xlink:href="https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/" xlink:type="simple"><license-p>This work is licensed under a Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 License.</license-p></license></permissions><self-uri xlink:href="https://journal.lvrach.ru/jour/article/view/1645">https://journal.lvrach.ru/jour/article/view/1645</self-uri><abstract><p>Введение. Предраковые заболевания толстой кишки играют ключевую роль в онкогенезе кишечника, так как около 80% случаев колоректального рака обусловлено именно полипами толстой кишки. Распространенность эпителиальных новообразований толстой кишки колеблется от 20% в возрасте 45 лет до более чем 50-60% к 85 годам. В развитых странах наблюдается более высокая частота, связанная с образом жизни и национальными скрининговыми программами. По результатам скрининговых колоноскопий определено, что полипы выявляются у 20-53% лиц в возрасте 50 лет и старше. По гистологическому типу полипов наиболее часто встречаются аденоматозные (15-25%), а также гиперпластические полипы (до 30%), которые более характерны для лиц до 50 лет. Воспалительные полипы встречаются реже и могут присутствовать у пациентов с воспалительными заболеваниями кишечника. Генетическая предрасположенность, возраст, пол и рост являются значимыми детерминантами риска развития предраковых заболеваний толстой кишки, однако это немодифицируемые факторы риска. Говоря о профилактике образования колоректальных полипов, в первую очередь следует обратить внимание на модифицируемые факторы риска.Цель работы. В рамках нашего исследования были проанализированы анкеты 199 пациентов от 40 до 75 лет с предраковыми заболеваниями толстой кишки и 100 участников контрольной группы (пациенты условно здоровые) на предмет основных факторов риска, описанных в литературе.Результаты. Ряд эндокринных, метаболических и поведенческих факторов способствует развитию полипов и их прогрессии в колоректальный рак. Доказана связь между анамнезом ожирения, гипергликемии и сахарного диабета 2-го типа и увеличением риска возникновения полипов толстой кишки. Неалкогольная (метаболически ассоциированная) жировая болезнь печени также увеличивает вероятность обнаружения предраковых заболеваний толстой кишки, особенно при стеатогепатите или циррозе печени. Такие широко известные факторы риска, как курение и употребление алкоголя, играют важную роль в трансформации полипа в колоректальный рак. Применение некоторых лекарственных препаратов, в первую очередь антибиотиков широкого спектра действия и ингибиторов протонной помпы, также доказало влияние на развитие предраковых заболеваний толстой кишки.Заключение. В совокупности эти данные свидетельствуют о необходимости систематического скрининга и разработки профилактических стратегий, особенно в группах высокого риска.</p></abstract><trans-abstract xml:lang="en"><p>Background. Precancerous diseases of the colon play a key role in intestinal oncogenesis, as about 80% of colorectal cancers are caused by colon polyps. The prevalence of colorectal epithelial neoplasms ranges from 20% at age 45 to over 50-60% by age 85. Developed countries exhibit higher incidence rates, which are driven by lifestyle factors and national screening programs. Polyps are detected in 20%-53% of screening colonoscopies in adults aged 50 and older. Adenomatous polyps (15-25%) and hyperplastic polyps (up to 30%) represent the most common histological types, the latter being more characteristic of individuals under 50 years of age. Inflammatory polyps are less common and typically occur in patients with inflammatory bowel disease. Genetic predisposition, age, gender, and height are significant determinants of the risk of developing precancerous colon diseases, but these are not modifiable risk factors. When considering the prevention of colorectal polyps, the primary focus should be on modifiable risk factors.Objective. The aim of this study was to evaluate key risk factors documented in the literature among 199 patients aged 40-75 with precancerous colorectal lesions and 100 apparently healthy controls based on questionnaire data.Results. A number of endocrine, metabolic, and behavioral factors contribute to the development of polyps and their progression to colorectal cancer. There is a proven link between a history of obesity, hyperglycemia, and type 2 diabetes mellitus and an increased risk of colon polyps. The presence of non-alcoholic (metabolic-associated) fatty liver disease also increases the likelihood of detecting precancerous diseases of the colon, especially with steatohepatitis or cirrhosis of the liver. Well-known risk factors such as smoking and alcohol consumption play an important role in the transformation of a polyp into colorectal cancer. The use of certain medications, primarily broad-spectrum antibiotics and proton pump inhibitors, has also proven its effect on the formation of precancerous colon diseases.Conclusion. Taken together, these findings highlight the need for systematic screening and the development of preventive strategies, especially in high-risk groups.</p></trans-abstract><kwd-group xml:lang="ru"><kwd>колоректальный рак</kwd><kwd>предраковые заболевания толстой кишки</kwd><kwd>полип</kwd><kwd>аденома</kwd><kwd>метаболические факторы</kwd><kwd>ингибиторы протонной помпы</kwd><kwd>антибактериальные препараты</kwd></kwd-group><kwd-group xml:lang="en"><kwd>colorectal cancer</kwd><kwd>precancerous colon diseases</kwd><kwd>polyp</kwd><kwd>adenoma</kwd><kwd>metabolic factors</kwd><kwd>proton pump inhibitors</kwd><kwd>antibacterial drugs</kwd></kwd-group></article-meta></front><back><ref-list><title>References</title><ref id="cit1"><label>1</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Hoff G., Larsen S. Epidemiology of polyps in the rectum and sigmoid colon. Discriminant analysis to identify individuals at risk of developing colorectal neoplasia. 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