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<article article-type="review-article" dtd-version="1.3" xmlns:mml="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" xmlns:xlink="http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink" xmlns:xsi="http://www.w3.org/2001/XMLSchema-instance" xml:lang="ru"><front><journal-meta><journal-id journal-id-type="publisher-id">lvrach</journal-id><journal-title-group><journal-title xml:lang="ru">Лечащий Врач</journal-title><trans-title-group xml:lang="en"><trans-title>Lechaschi Vrach</trans-title></trans-title-group></journal-title-group><issn pub-type="ppub">1560-5175</issn><issn pub-type="epub">2687-1181</issn><publisher><publisher-name>ООО «Издательство "Открытые системы"»</publisher-name></publisher></journal-meta><article-meta><article-id pub-id-type="doi">10.51793/OS.2026.29.5.003</article-id><article-id custom-type="elpub" pub-id-type="custom">lvrach-1610</article-id><article-categories><subj-group subj-group-type="heading"><subject>Research Article</subject></subj-group><subj-group subj-group-type="section-heading" xml:lang="ru"><subject>ГАСТРОЭНТЕРОЛОГИЯ</subject></subj-group><subj-group subj-group-type="section-heading" xml:lang="en"><subject>GASTROENTEROLOGY</subject></subj-group></article-categories><title-group><article-title>Эффективность и безопасность споровых пробиотиков при диарейном синдроме</article-title><trans-title-group xml:lang="en"><trans-title>Efficacy and safety of spore-forming probiotics in diarrhea management</trans-title></trans-title-group></title-group><contrib-group><contrib contrib-type="author" corresp="yes"><contrib-id contrib-id-type="orcid">https://orcid.org/0000-0002-9645-8408</contrib-id><name-alternatives><name name-style="eastern" xml:lang="ru"><surname>Ратников</surname><given-names>В. А.</given-names></name><name name-style="western" xml:lang="en"><surname>Ratnikov</surname><given-names>V. A.</given-names></name></name-alternatives><bio xml:lang="ru"><p>Ратников Вячеслав Альбертович, д.м.н., профессор, генеральный директор, 197022, Санкт-Петербург, ул. Профессора Попова, 9А;</p><p>профессор кафедры лучевой диагностики, 199034, Санкт-Петербург, Университетская наб., 7-9</p></bio><bio xml:lang="en"><p>Viacheslav A. Ratnikov, Dr. of Sci. (Med.), Professor, Acting General Director, 9A Professora Popova str., Saint Petersburg, 197022</p><p>Professor of the Department of Radiology, 7-9 Universitetskaya nab., Saint Petersburg, 199034</p></bio><email xlink:type="simple">dr.ratnikov@mail.ru</email><xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff-1"/></contrib><contrib contrib-type="author" corresp="yes"><contrib-id contrib-id-type="orcid">https://orcid.org/0000-0002-6151-2021</contrib-id><name-alternatives><name name-style="eastern" xml:lang="ru"><surname>Бакулин</surname><given-names>И. Г.</given-names></name><name name-style="western" xml:lang="en"><surname>Bakulin</surname><given-names>I. G.</given-names></name></name-alternatives><bio xml:lang="ru"><p>Бакулин Игорь Геннадьевич, д.м.н., профессор, главный внештатный специалист-терапевт Министерства здравоохранения Российской Федерации по Северо-Западному федеральному округу Российской Федерации, главный внештатный специалист-гастроэнтеролог Ленинградской области, директор Института терапии, заведующий кафедрой пропедевтики внутренних болезней, гастроэнтерологии идиетологии им. С. М. Рысса, </p><p>195067, Санкт-Петербург, Пискаревский пр., 47</p></bio><bio xml:lang="en"><p>Igor G. Bakulin, Dr. of Sci. (Med.), Professor, Chief Non-staff Specialist in Internal Medicine of the Ministry of Health of the Russian Federation for the North-Western Federal District, Chief Non-staff Gastroenterologist of the Leningrad Region, Director of the Institute ofTherapy, Head of the Department of Propedeutics of Internal Diseases, Gastroenterology and Dietology named after S. M. Ryss, </p><p>47 Piskarevsky ave., Saint Petersburg, 195067</p></bio><email xlink:type="simple">igbakulin@yandex.ru</email><xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff-2"/></contrib><contrib contrib-type="author" corresp="yes"><contrib-id contrib-id-type="orcid">https://orcid.org/0000-0002-1730-8576</contrib-id><name-alternatives><name name-style="eastern" xml:lang="ru"><surname>Ермоленко</surname><given-names>К. Д.</given-names></name><name name-style="western" xml:lang="en"><surname>Ermolenko</surname><given-names>K. D.</given-names></name></name-alternatives><bio xml:lang="ru"><p>Ермоленко Константин Дмитриевич, д.м.н., заместитель генерального директора по научной и образовательной деятельности,</p><p>197022, Санкт-Петербург, ул. Профессора Попова, 9А</p></bio><bio xml:lang="en"><p>Konstantin D. Ermolenko, Dr. of Sci. (Med.), Deputy General Director for Science and Education, </p><p>9A Professora Popova str., Saint Petersburg, 197022</p></bio><email xlink:type="simple">ermolenko.kd@yandex.ru</email><xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff-3"/></contrib></contrib-group><aff-alternatives id="aff-1"><aff xml:lang="ru"><institution>Федеральный научно-клинический центр инфекционных болезней Федерального медико-биологического агентства; Санкт-Петербургский государственный университет</institution><country>Россия</country></aff><aff xml:lang="en"><institution>Federal State Budgetary Institution Federal Scientific and Clinical Center for Infectious Diseases of the Federal Medical and Biological Agency of Russia;&#13;
Federal State Budgetary Educational Institution of Higher Education Saint Petersburg&#13;
State University</institution><country>Russian Federation</country></aff></aff-alternatives><aff-alternatives id="aff-2"><aff xml:lang="ru"><institution>Северо-Западный государственный медицинский университет имени И. И. Мечникова</institution><country>Россия</country></aff><aff xml:lang="en"><institution>Federal State Budgetary Educational Institution of Higher Education I. I. Mechnikov Northwestern State Medical University of the Ministry of Health of the Russian Federation</institution><country>Russian Federation</country></aff></aff-alternatives><aff-alternatives id="aff-3"><aff xml:lang="ru"><institution>Федеральный научно-клинический центр инфекционных болезней Федерального медико-биологического агентства</institution><country>Россия</country></aff><aff xml:lang="en"><institution>Federal State Budgetary Institution Federal Scientific and Clinical Center for Infectious Diseases of the Federal Medical and Biological Agency of Russia</institution><country>Russian Federation</country></aff></aff-alternatives><pub-date pub-type="collection"><year>2026</year></pub-date><pub-date pub-type="epub"><day>08</day><month>06</month><year>2026</year></pub-date><volume>0</volume><issue>5</issue><fpage>25</fpage><lpage>33</lpage><permissions><copyright-statement>Copyright &amp;#x00A9; Ратников В.А., Бакулин И.Г., Ермоленко К.Д., 2026</copyright-statement><copyright-year>2026</copyright-year><copyright-holder xml:lang="ru">Ратников В.А., Бакулин И.Г., Ермоленко К.Д.</copyright-holder><copyright-holder xml:lang="en">Ratnikov V.A., Bakulin I.G., Ermolenko K.D.</copyright-holder><license xml:lang="ru" license-type="creative-commons-attribution" xlink:href="https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/" xlink:type="simple"><license-p>Данная работа распространяется под лицензией Creative Commons Attribution 4.0.</license-p></license><license xml:lang="en" license-type="creative-commons-attribution" xlink:href="https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/" xlink:type="simple"><license-p>This work is licensed under a Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 License.</license-p></license></permissions><self-uri xlink:href="https://journal.lvrach.ru/jour/article/view/1610">https://journal.lvrach.ru/jour/article/view/1610</self-uri><abstract><sec><title>Введение</title><p>Введение. Диарейный синдром остается одной из наиболее распространенных причин обращаемости за медицинской помощью и значимой причиной заболеваемости как у детей, так и у взрослых. Основа лечения включает регидратационную терапию и коррекцию водно-электролитных нарушений, однако при комплексном ведении пациентов широко применяются пробиотики в качестве адъювантных средств. Традиционные пробиотические микроорганизмы, такие как представители родов Lactobacillus и Bifidobacterium, могут быть чувствительны к воздействию кислой среды желудка, желчных кислот и пищеварительных ферментов, что ограничивает их выживаемость и потенциальную клиническую эффективность при пероральном применении.</p></sec><sec><title>Результаты</title><p>Результаты. В этой связи особый интерес представляют споровые пробиотики, обладающие повышенной устойчивостью к агрессивным факторам желудочно-кишечного тракта. Споры бактерий рода Bacillus способны сохранять жизнеспособность при прохождении через желудок и прорастать в кишечнике, что обеспечивает более предсказуемую доставку активных клеток к месту действия. Наиболее изученным представителем спорообразующих пробиотиков является Bacillus clausii. Экспериментальные исследования свидетельствуют о его антимикробных, иммуномодулирующих и противовоспалительных свойствах, а также способности ингибировать действие токсинов отдельных кишечных патогенов и модулировать состав микробиоты. Клинические данные, включая рандомизированные контролируемые исследования, наблюдательные программы и метаанализы, демонстрируют потенциальную эффективность B. clausii в качестве сопутствующей терапии при острой диарее у детей и взрослых, в снижении риска антибиотик-ассоциированной диареи, а также в уменьшении частоты нежелательных явлений на фоне эрадикационной терапии Helicobacter pylori. В ряде работ отмечено сокращение продолжительности диареи и выраженности симптомов, хотя уровень доказательности в отдельных показаниях остается ограниченным и требует дальнейшего уточнения. Профиль безопасности препаратов, содержащих B. clausii, в целом оценивается как благоприятный. В большинстве клинических исследований нежелательные явления регистрировались редко, были преимущественно легкой степени тяжести и не требовали отмены терапии. Описаны единичные случаи инвазивных инфекций, ассоциированных с применением пробиотиков, в том числе B. clausii, преимущественно у пациентов с факторами риска (иммунокомпрометация, недоношенность, наличие внутрисосудистых катетеров). По данным систематических обзоров, доля B. clausii среди зарегистрированных случаев инвазивных осложнений невелика, а общий риск бактериемии и/или сепсиса на фоне его применения представляется низким и сопоставимым либо меньшим по сравнению с рядом других пробиотических микроорганизмов.</p></sec><sec><title>Заключение</title><p>Заключение. Таким образом, споровые пробиотики, в частности B. clausii, представляют собой перспективное направление в адъювантной терапии диарейного синдрома благодаря сочетанию повышенной устойчивости, потенциальной клинической эффективности и благоприятного профиля безопасности. Вместе с тем для окончательной оценки их роли в клинической практике необходимы дополнительные крупные, хорошо спланированные исследования с четким определением показаний, режимов дозирования и критериев безопасности, особенно в уязвимых группах пациентов.</p></sec></abstract><trans-abstract xml:lang="en"><sec><title>Background</title><p>Background. Diarrheal syndrome remains one of the most common reasons for seeking medical care and a significant cause of morbidity in both children and adults. The cornerstone of treatment includes rehydration therapy and correction of fluid and electrolyte imbalances; however, probiotics are widely used as adjunctive agents in comprehensive management. Conventional probiotic microorganisms, such as representatives of the genera Lactobacillus and Bifidobacterium, may be susceptible to gastric acidity, bile acids, and digestive enzymes, which can limit their survival and, consequently, their potential clinical efficacy following oral administration.</p></sec><sec><title>Results</title><p>Results. In this context, spore-forming probiotics are of particular interest due to their increased resistance to the aggressive conditions of the gastrointestinal tract. Spores of bacteria from the genus Bacillus are capable of surviving passage through the stomach and subsequently germinating in the intestine, thereby enabling a more predictable delivery of active cells to the site of action. Among sporeforming probiotics, Bacillus clausii is the most extensively studied. Experimental data indicate its antimicrobial, immunomodulatory, and anti-inflammatory properties, as well as its ability to inhibit the effects of toxins produced by certain intestinal pathogens and to modulate gut microbiota composition. Clinical evidence, including randomized controlled trials, observational studies, and metaanalyses, suggests the potential efficacy of B. clausii as adjunctive therapy in acute diarrhea in both children and adults, in reducing the risk of antibiotic-associated diarrhea, and in decreasing adverse events during Helicobacter pylori (Н. pylori) eradication therapy. Several studies have reported a reduction in the duration and severity of diarrhea; however, the level of evidence for some indications remains limited and requires further clarification. The safety profile of B. clausii-containing preparations is generally considered favorable. In most clinical studies, adverse events were rare, predominantly mild, and did not necessitate treatment discontinuation. Isolated cases of invasive infections associated with probiotic use, including B. clausii, have been reported, primarily in patients with risk factors such as immunocompromised status, prematurity, or the presence of intravascular catheters. According to systematic reviews, the proportion of B. clausii-related invasive complications is low, and the overall risk of bacteremia and/or sepsis associated with its use appears to be low and comparable to or lower than that observed with several other probiotic microorganisms.</p></sec><sec><title>Conclusion</title><p>Conclusion. Thus, spore-forming probiotics, particularly Bacillus clausii, represent a promising option in the adjunctive management of diarrheal syndrome due to their enhanced survivability, potential clinical efficacy, and favorable safety profile. Nevertheless, further large, well-designed studies are needed to more clearly define their role in clinical practice, including indications, optimal dosing regimens, and safety criteria, especially in vulnerable patient populations.</p></sec></trans-abstract><kwd-group xml:lang="ru"><kwd>диарея</kwd><kwd>споровые пробиотики</kwd><kwd>Bacillus clausii</kwd><kwd>выживаемость</kwd><kwd>безопасность</kwd></kwd-group><kwd-group xml:lang="en"><kwd>diarrhea</kwd><kwd>spore probiotics</kwd><kwd>Bacillus clausii</kwd><kwd>survival</kwd><kwd>safety</kwd></kwd-group></article-meta></front><back><ref-list><title>References</title><ref id="cit1"><label>1</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Ferris A., Gaisinskaya P., Nandi N. 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