<?xml version="1.0" encoding="UTF-8"?>
<!DOCTYPE article PUBLIC "-//NLM//DTD JATS (Z39.96) Journal Publishing DTD v1.3 20210610//EN" "JATS-journalpublishing1-3.dtd">
<article article-type="research-article" dtd-version="1.3" xmlns:mml="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" xmlns:xlink="http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink" xmlns:xsi="http://www.w3.org/2001/XMLSchema-instance" xml:lang="ru"><front><journal-meta><journal-id journal-id-type="publisher-id">lvrach</journal-id><journal-title-group><journal-title xml:lang="ru">Лечащий Врач</journal-title><trans-title-group xml:lang="en"><trans-title>Lechaschi Vrach</trans-title></trans-title-group></journal-title-group><issn pub-type="ppub">1560-5175</issn><issn pub-type="epub">2687-1181</issn><publisher><publisher-name></publisher-name></publisher></journal-meta><article-meta><article-id pub-id-type="doi">10.51793/OS.2026.29.2.001</article-id><article-id custom-type="elpub" pub-id-type="custom">lvrach-1538</article-id><article-categories><subj-group subj-group-type="heading"><subject>Research Article</subject></subj-group><subj-group subj-group-type="section-heading" xml:lang="ru"><subject>ЭНДОКРИНОЛОГИЯ</subject></subj-group><subj-group subj-group-type="section-heading" xml:lang="en"><subject>ENDOCRINOLOGY</subject></subj-group></article-categories><title-group><article-title>Стратегия долгосрочного послеродового наблюдения женщин с гестационным сахарным диабетом: акцент на вторичную профилактику</article-title><trans-title-group xml:lang="en"><trans-title>A strategy for the long-term postpartum monitoring of women with gestational diabetes: emphasizing secondary prevention</trans-title></trans-title-group></title-group><contrib-group><contrib contrib-type="author" corresp="yes"><name-alternatives><name name-style="eastern" xml:lang="ru"><surname>Лепешкина</surname><given-names>Л. И.</given-names></name><name name-style="western" xml:lang="en"><surname>Lepeshkina</surname><given-names>L. I.</given-names></name></name-alternatives><bio xml:lang="ru"><p>Лепешкина Людмила Ивановна, эндокринолог</p><p>117292, Москва, ул. Дмитрия Ульянова, 11</p></bio><bio xml:lang="en"><p>Lyudmila I. Lepeshkina, endocrinologist</p><p>11 Dmitriya Ulyanova str., Moscow, 117292</p></bio><email xlink:type="simple">lepeshkina.luda@yandex.ru</email><xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff-1"/></contrib><contrib contrib-type="author" corresp="yes"><contrib-id contrib-id-type="orcid">https://orcid.org/0000-0001-7470-1676</contrib-id><name-alternatives><name name-style="eastern" xml:lang="ru"><surname>Воротникова</surname><given-names>С. Ю.</given-names></name><name name-style="western" xml:lang="en"><surname>Vorotnikova</surname><given-names>S. Yu.</given-names></name></name-alternatives><bio xml:lang="ru"><p>Воротникова Светлана Юрьевна, к.м.н., руководитель центра «Эндокринопатии и беременность», доцент кафедры эндокринологии</p><p>117292, Москва, ул. Дмитрия Ульянова, 11</p></bio><bio xml:lang="en"><p>Svetlana Yu. Vorotnikova, Cand. of Sci. (Med.), Head of the Endocrinopathies and Pregnancy Center, Associate Professor of the Department of Endocrinology</p><p>11 Dmitriya Ulyanova str., Moscow, 117292</p></bio><email xlink:type="simple">bra_svetix@list.ru</email><xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff-1"/></contrib><contrib contrib-type="author" corresp="yes"><contrib-id contrib-id-type="orcid">https://orcid.org/0000-0002-0327-4619</contrib-id><name-alternatives><name name-style="eastern" xml:lang="ru"><surname>Дзеранова</surname><given-names>Л. К.</given-names></name><name name-style="western" xml:lang="en"><surname>Dzeranova</surname><given-names>L. K.</given-names></name></name-alternatives><bio xml:lang="ru"><p>Дзеранова Лариса Константиновна, д.м.н., профессор кафедры эндокринологии, Главный научный сотрудник отделения нейроэндокринологии, ученый секретарь Государственного научного центра Российской Федерации</p><p>117292, Москва, ул. Дмитрия Ульянова, 11</p></bio><bio xml:lang="en"><p>Larisa K. Dzeranova, Dr. of Sci. (Med.), Professor of the Department of Endocrinology, Chief Researcher of the Department of Neuroendocrinology, Scientific Secretary of the State Scientific Center of the Russian Federation</p><p>11 Dmitriya Ulyanova str., Moscow, 117292</p></bio><email xlink:type="simple">dzeranovalk@yandex.ru</email><xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff-1"/></contrib></contrib-group><aff-alternatives id="aff-1"><aff xml:lang="ru"><institution>Национальный медицинский исследовательский центр эндокринологии имени академика И. И. Дедова</institution><country>Россия</country></aff><aff xml:lang="en"><institution>I. I. Dedov Endocrinology Research Centre</institution><country>Russian Federation</country></aff></aff-alternatives><pub-date pub-type="collection"><year>2026</year></pub-date><pub-date pub-type="epub"><day>15</day><month>02</month><year>2026</year></pub-date><volume>0</volume><issue>2</issue><fpage>9</fpage><lpage>14</lpage><permissions><copyright-statement>Copyright &amp;#x00A9; Лепешкина Л.И., Воротникова С.Ю., Дзеранова Л.К., 2026</copyright-statement><copyright-year>2026</copyright-year><copyright-holder xml:lang="ru">Лепешкина Л.И., Воротникова С.Ю., Дзеранова Л.К.</copyright-holder><copyright-holder xml:lang="en">Lepeshkina L.I., Vorotnikova S.Y., Dzeranova L.K.</copyright-holder><license xml:lang="ru" license-type="creative-commons-attribution" xlink:href="https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/" xlink:type="simple"><license-p>Данная работа распространяется под лицензией Creative Commons Attribution 4.0.</license-p></license><license xml:lang="en" license-type="creative-commons-attribution" xlink:href="https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/" xlink:type="simple"><license-p>This work is licensed under a Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 License.</license-p></license></permissions><self-uri xlink:href="https://journal.lvrach.ru/jour/article/view/1538">https://journal.lvrach.ru/jour/article/view/1538</self-uri><abstract><sec><title>Введение</title><p>Введение. Гестационный сахарный диабет является одним из наиболее частых осложнений беременности, затрагивающим, по данным на 2024 год, около 19,7% беременностей в мире. Данная патология представляет собой не просто транзиторное состояние, а маркер пожизненно высокого кардиометаболического риска для женщины. Гестационный сахарный диабет ассоциирован с последующим развитием предиабета, сахарного диабета 2-го типа, метаболического синдрома и сердечнососудистых заболеваний. Высокая частота рецидива гестационного сахарного диабета при последующих беременностях (до 84%) и прогрессивный рост риска сахарного диабета 2-го типа с течением времени свидетельствуют о критической важности организации эффективной вторичной профилактики, начиная с раннего послеродового периода. При этом существующая клиническая практика часто ограничивается однократным обследованием через 4-12 недель после родов, что недостаточно для долгосрочного управления здоровьем пациентки.</p></sec><sec><title>Цель работы</title><p>Цель работы. На примере клинического случая продемонстрировать значимость долгосрочного послеродового наблюдения и необходимость активной профилактической стратегии, включая фармакологическое вмешательство, у женщин с гестационным сахарным диабетом в анамнезе для предупреждения развития нарушений углеводного обмена и кардиометаболических осложнений.</p></sec><sec><title>Материалы и методы</title><p>Материалы и методы. В работе представлено описание клинического случая пациентки Н., 33 года, с диагностированным гестационным сахарным диабетом на сроке беременности 26-27 недель. Для ведения беременности и послеродового наблюдения применялись стандартные клинико-лабораторные методы: пероральный глюкозотолерантный тест с 75 г безводной глюкозы, определение уровня гликированного гемоглобина, самоконтроль гликемии, общий анализ мочи с определением кетонурии, ультразвуковое исследование плода. В послеродовом периоде для оценки состояния углеводного обмена использовался пероральный глюкозотолерантный тест с целью реклассификации нарушений.</p></sec><sec><title>Результаты</title><p>Результаты. В ходе беременности на фоне диетотерапии у пациентки сохранялась нестабильная гликемия с эпизодами гипергликемии и кетонурии, что потребовало назначения инсулинотерапии на сроке 32-33 недели. Беременность завершилась своевременными родами без осложнений. При обследовании через 14 месяцев после родов на фоне прибавки массы тела на 13% от исходной у пациентки была диагностирована нарушенная толерантность к глюкозе (глюкоза натощак – 5,9 ммоль/л, через 2 часа после нагрузки – 8,5 ммоль/л). Назначена пролонгированная форма метформина с пролонгированным высвобождением в дозе 1000 мг/сут в дополнение к рекомендациям по модификации образа жизни.</p></sec><sec><title>Заключение</title><p>Заключение. Представленный клинический случай наглядно иллюстрирует, что гестационный сахарный диабет является предиктором раннего развития предиабета даже при отсутствии отклонений в первые недели после родов. Современный подход к ведению пациенток с гестационным сахарным диабетом в анамнезе должен трансформироваться из эпизодического скрининга в систему пожизненного динамического наблюдения, направленного на раннее выявление и коррекцию кардиометаболических факторов риска. Модификация образа жизни является основополагающим компонентом профилактики, однако ее может быть недостаточно. Применение метформина у женщин с предиабетом и отягощенным анамнезом гестационного сахарного диабета является патогенетически обоснованной, эффективной и безопасной стратегией, позволяющей не только снизить риск развития сахарного диабета 2-го типа, но и оказать благоприятное влияние на липидный профиль и кардиоваскулярное здоровье. Активное внедрение фармакологической профилактики в клиническую практику необходимо для изменения траектории долгосрочного здоровья женщин.</p></sec></abstract><trans-abstract xml:lang="en"><sec><title>Background</title><p>Background. Gestational diabetes mellitus (GDM) is one of the most common complications of pregnancy, affecting, according to 2024 data, approximately 19.7% of pregnancies worldwide. GDM is not merely a transient condition but a marker of a lifelong high cardiometabolic risk for the woman. It is associated with the subsequent development of prediabetes, type 2 diabetes mellitus (T2DM), metabolic syndrome, and cardiovascular diseases. The high recurrence rate of GDM in subsequent pregnancies (up to 84%) and the progressive increase in T2DM risk over time underscore the critical importance of establishing an effective system for secondary prevention, starting from the early postpartum period. However, current clinical practice is often limited to a single examination 4-12 weeks after delivery, which is insufficient for the long-term management of the patient's health.</p></sec><sec><title>Objective</title><p>Objective. Using a clinical case example, to demonstrate the significance of long-term postpartum follow-up and the necessity of an active preventive strategy, including pharmacological intervention, in women with a history of GDM to prevent the development of carbohydrate metabolism disorders and cardiometabolic complications.</p></sec><sec><title>Materials and methods</title><p>Materials and methods. This paper provides a detailed description of a clinical case of the 33 years old patient with GDM diagnosed at 26-27 weeks of gestation. Standard clinical and laboratory methods were used for pregnancy management and postpartum follow-up: a 75-g oral glucose tolerance test (OGTT), measurement of glycated hemoglobin (HbA1c) levels, self-monitoring of blood glucose, urinalysis with assessment of ketonuria, and fetal ultrasonography. During the postpartum period, an OGTT was used to assess carbohydrate metabolism.</p></sec><sec><title>Results</title><p>Results. During pregnancy, despite diet therapy, the patient exhibited unstable glycemia with episodes of hyperglycemia and ketonuria, which necessitated the initiation of insulin therapy at 32-33 weeks. The pregnancy concluded with a term delivery without complications. An examination 14 months postpartum, following a 13% weight gain from baseline, revealed impaired glucose tolerance (fasting plasma glucose 5.9 mmol/L, 2-hour post-load plasma glucose 8.5 mmol/L). The patient was prescribed a extended-release formulation of metformin at a dose of 500 mg/day in addition to lifestyle modification recommendations.</p></sec><sec><title>Conclusion</title><p>Conclusion. The presented clinical case clearly illustrates that GDM is a predictor of early prediabetes development, even in the absence of abnormalities in the first weeks postpartum. The modern approach to managing patients with a history of GDM should evolve from episodic screening to a system of lifelong dynamic monitoring aimed at the early detection and correction of cardiometabolic risk factors. Lifestyle modification is the cornerstone of prevention; however, it may not be sufficient. The use of metformin in women with prediabetes and a history of GDM is a pathogenetically justified, effective, and safe strategy that not only reduces the risk of T2DM but also has a favorable impact on the lipid profile and cardiovascular health. The active integration of pharmacological prevention into clinical practice is essential for altering the long-term health trajectory of women.</p></sec></trans-abstract><kwd-group xml:lang="ru"><kwd>гестационный сахарный диабет</kwd><kwd>послеродовое ведение</kwd><kwd>послеродовая профилактика</kwd><kwd>метформин</kwd><kwd>сахарный диабет 2-го типа</kwd><kwd>вторичная профилактика</kwd></kwd-group><kwd-group xml:lang="en"><kwd>gestational diabetes mellitus</kwd><kwd>postpartum management</kwd><kwd>postpartum prevention</kwd><kwd>metformin</kwd><kwd>type 2 diabetes mellitus</kwd><kwd>secondary prevention</kwd></kwd-group></article-meta></front><back><ref-list><title>References</title><ref id="cit1"><label>1</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Ikoh R. P. C., Tang Tinong R. The Incidence and Management of Type 2 Diabetes Mellitus After Gestational Diabetes Mellitus. Cureus. 2023; 15 (8): e44468. DOI: 10.7759/cureus.44468.</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Ikoh R. P. C., Tang Tinong R. The Incidence and Management of Type 2 Diabetes Mellitus After Gestational Diabetes Mellitus. Cureus. 2023; 15 (8): e44468. DOI: 10.7759/cureus.44468.</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="cit2"><label>2</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Bolou A. Strategies to prevent Type 2 Diabetes in the postnatal period, in women with history of Gestational Diabetes Exploring different research methodologies based on dietary and pharmacological interventions: дис. Queen Mary University of London, 2024.</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Bolou A. Strategies to prevent Type 2 Diabetes in the postnatal period, in women with history of Gestational Diabetes Exploring different research methodologies based on dietary and pharmacological interventions: дис. Queen Mary University of London, 2024.</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="cit3"><label>3</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Egan A. M., Sarma K., Buss L., Lacey L., Maguire P. J., Dunne F. P. Recurrent gestational diabetes mellitus: a narrative review and single-center experience. Journal of Clinical Medicine. 2021; 10 (4): 569. DOI: 10.3390/jcm10040569.</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Egan A. M., Sarma K., Buss L., Lacey L., Maguire P. J., Dunne F. P. Recurrent gestational diabetes mellitus: a narrative review and single-center experience. Journal of Clinical Medicine. 2021; 10 (4): 569. DOI: 10.3390/jcm10040569.</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="cit4"><label>4</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Xu Y., Shen S., Sun L., Yang H., Jin B., Cao X. Metabolic syndrome risk after gestational diabetes: a systematic review and meta-analysis. PLoS One. 2014; 9 (1): e87863. DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0087863.</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Xu Y., Shen S., Sun L., Yang H., Jin B., Cao X. Metabolic syndrome risk after gestational diabetes: a systematic review and meta-analysis. PLoS One. 2014; 9 (1): e87863. DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0087863.</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="cit5"><label>5</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Nouhjah S., Jahanfar S., Shahbazian H. Early postpartum metabolic syndrome in women with or without gestational diabetes: results from life after gestational diabetes Ahvaz cohort study. Diabetes &amp; Metabolic Syndrome: Clinical Research &amp; Reviews. 2018; 12 (3): 317-323. DOI: 10.1016/j.dsx.2017.12.024.</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Nouhjah S., Jahanfar S., Shahbazian H. Early postpartum metabolic syndrome in women with or without gestational diabetes: results from life after gestational diabetes Ahvaz cohort study. Diabetes &amp; Metabolic Syndrome: Clinical Research &amp; Reviews. 2018; 12 (3): 317-323. DOI: 10.1016/j.dsx.2017.12.024.</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="cit6"><label>6</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Noctor E., Dunne F. P. Type 2 diabetes after gestational diabetes: the influence of changing diagnostic criteria. World Journal of Diabetes. 2015; 6 (2): 234-244. DOI: 10.4239/wjd.v6.i2.234.</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Noctor E., Dunne F. P. Type 2 diabetes after gestational diabetes: the influence of changing diagnostic criteria. World Journal of Diabetes. 2015; 6 (2): 234-244. DOI: 10.4239/wjd.v6.i2.234.</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="cit7"><label>7</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Retnakaran R., Qi Y., Sermer M., Connelly P. W., Hanley A. J. G., Zinman B. Treatment of gestational diabetes mellitus and maternal risk of diabetes after pregnancy. Diabetes Care. 2023; 46 (3): 587-592. DOI: 10.2337/dc22-1686.</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Retnakaran R., Qi Y., Sermer M., Connelly P. W., Hanley A. J. G., Zinman B. Treatment of gestational diabetes mellitus and maternal risk of diabetes after pregnancy. Diabetes Care. 2023; 46 (3): 587-592. DOI: 10.2337/dc22-1686.</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="cit8"><label>8</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Viteri O. A., Arora N., Ramos A. V., Poblete J. A., Sibai B. M. Potential of metformin to improve cardiac risk in postpartum women with gestational diabetes. Frontiers in Medicine. 2017; 4: 180. DOI: 10.3389/fmed.2017.00180.</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Viteri O. A., Arora N., Ramos A. V., Poblete J. A., Sibai B. M. Potential of metformin to improve cardiac risk in postpartum women with gestational diabetes. Frontiers in Medicine. 2017; 4: 180. DOI: 10.3389/fmed.2017.00180.</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="cit9"><label>9</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Tobias D. K. Prediction and Prevention of Type 2 Diabetes in Women with a History of GDM. Current Diabetes Reports. 2018; 18 (10): 78. DOI: 10.1007/s11892-018-1063-8.</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Tobias D. K. Prediction and Prevention of Type 2 Diabetes in Women with a History of GDM. Current Diabetes Reports. 2018; 18 (10): 78. DOI: 10.1007/s11892-018-1063-8.</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="cit10"><label>10</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Li Z., Cheng Y., Wang D., Chen H., Chen W., Wang Z. Incidence Rate of Type 2 Diabetes Mellitus after Gestational Diabetes Mellitus: A Systematic Review and Meta-Analysis of 170,139 Women. Journal of Diabetes Research. 2020; 2020: 3076463. DOI: 10.1155/2020/3076463.</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Li Z., Cheng Y., Wang D., Chen H., Chen W., Wang Z. Incidence Rate of Type 2 Diabetes Mellitus after Gestational Diabetes Mellitus: A Systematic Review and Meta-Analysis of 170,139 Women. Journal of Diabetes Research. 2020; 2020: 3076463. DOI: 10.1155/2020/3076463.</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="cit11"><label>11</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Gómez Fernández C., García García-Doncel L., Gálvez Casas A., Martínez R., Sánchez Contreras M., Rueda Martínez-Vega M. Predictors of cardiometabolic health a few months postpartum in women who had developed gestational diabetes. Nutrients. 2025; 17 (3): 390. DOI: 10.3390/nu17030390.</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Gómez Fernández C., García García-Doncel L., Gálvez Casas A., Martínez R., Sánchez Contreras M., Rueda Martínez-Vega M. Predictors of cardiometabolic health a few months postpartum in women who had developed gestational diabetes. Nutrients. 2025; 17 (3): 390. DOI: 10.3390/nu17030390.</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="cit12"><label>12</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Kramer C. K., Campbell S., Retnakaran R. Gestational diabetes and the risk of cardiovascular disease in women: a systematic review and meta-analysis. Diabetologia. 2019; 62 (6): 905-914. DOI: 10.1007/s00125-019-4840-2.</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Kramer C. K., Campbell S., Retnakaran R. Gestational diabetes and the risk of cardiovascular disease in women: a systematic review and meta-analysis. Diabetologia. 2019; 62 (6): 905-914. DOI: 10.1007/s00125-019-4840-2.</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="cit13"><label>13</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Gunderson E. P., Chiang V., Pletcher M. J., Jacobs D. R., Quesenberry C. P., Sidney S., Lewis C. E. History of gestational diabetes mellitus and future risk of atherosclerosis in mid-life: the coronary artery risk development in young adults study. Journal of the American Heart Association. 2014; 3 (2): e000490. DOI: 10.1161/JAHA.113.000490.</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Gunderson E. P., Chiang V., Pletcher M. J., Jacobs D. R., Quesenberry C. P., Sidney S., Lewis C. E. History of gestational diabetes mellitus and future risk of atherosclerosis in mid-life: the coronary artery risk development in young adults study. Journal of the American Heart Association. 2014; 3 (2): e000490. DOI: 10.1161/JAHA.113.000490.</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="cit14"><label>14</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Freire C. M. V., Ribeiro A. L. P., Barbosa F. B. B., Nogueira A. I., de Oliveira M. D. L., de Jesus L. R. M., de Sá G. A. M., de Oliveira L. C. Previous gestational diabetes is independently associated with increased carotid intima-media thickness, similarly to metabolic syndrome – a case control study. Cardiovascular Diabetology. 2012; 11 (1): 59. DOI: 10.1186/1475-2840-11-59.</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Freire C. M. V., Ribeiro A. L. P., Barbosa F. B. B., Nogueira A. I., de Oliveira M. D. L., de Jesus L. R. M., de Sá G. A. M., de Oliveira L. C. Previous gestational diabetes is independently associated with increased carotid intima-media thickness, similarly to metabolic syndrome – a case control study. Cardiovascular Diabetology. 2012; 11 (1): 59. DOI: 10.1186/1475-2840-11-59.</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="cit15"><label>15</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">American Diabetes Association Professional Practice Committee, Gaglia M. A., ElSayed N. A. et al. Management of Diabetes in Pregnancy: Standards of Care in Diabetes-2025. Diabetes Care. 2025; 48 (Suppl 1): S306-S320. DOI: 10.2337/dc25-S015.</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">American Diabetes Association Professional Practice Committee, Gaglia M. A., ElSayed N. A. et al. Management of Diabetes in Pregnancy: Standards of Care in Diabetes-2025. Diabetes Care. 2025; 48 (Suppl 1): S306-S320. DOI: 10.2337/dc25-S015.</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="cit16"><label>16</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Hedeager Momsen A. M., Støvring H., Andersen J. H., Nielsen C. V., Frost L., Bjerregaard A. L. Diabetes prevention interventions for women after gestational diabetes mellitus: an overview of reviews. Endocrinology, Diabetes &amp; Metabolism. 2021; 4 (3): e00230. DOI: 10.1002/edm2.230.</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Hedeager Momsen A. M., Støvring H., Andersen J. H., Nielsen C. V., Frost L., Bjerregaard A. L. Diabetes prevention interventions for women after gestational diabetes mellitus: an overview of reviews. Endocrinology, Diabetes &amp; Metabolism. 2021; 4 (3): e00230. DOI: 10.1002/edm2.230.</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="cit17"><label>17</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Ratner R. E., Christophi C. A., Metzger B. E., Dabelea D., Bennett P. H., Pi-Sunyer X., Fowler S., Kahn S. E. Prevention of diabetes in women with a history of gestational diabetes: effects of metformin and lifestyle interventions. The Journal of Clinical Endocrinology &amp; Metabolism. 2008; 93 (12): 4774-4779. DOI: 10.1210/jc.2008-0772.</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Ratner R. E., Christophi C. A., Metzger B. E., Dabelea D., Bennett P. H., Pi-Sunyer X., Fowler S., Kahn S. E. Prevention of diabetes in women with a history of gestational diabetes: effects of metformin and lifestyle interventions. The Journal of Clinical Endocrinology &amp; Metabolism. 2008; 93 (12): 4774-4779. DOI: 10.1210/jc.2008-0772.</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="cit18"><label>18</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Aroda V. R., Christophi C. A., Edelstein S. L., Zhang P., Herman W. H., Barrett-Connor E., Delahanty L. M., Montez M. G., Ackermann R. T., Zhuo X., Knowler W. C., Ratner R. E. The effect of lifestyle intervention and metformin on preventing or delaying diabetes among women with and without gestational diabetes: the Diabetes Prevention Program outcomes study 10-year follow-up. The Journal of Clinical Endocrinology &amp; Metabolism. 2015; 100 (4): 1646-1653. DOI: 10.1210/jc.2014-3761.</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Aroda V. R., Christophi C. A., Edelstein S. L., Zhang P., Herman W. H., BarrettConnor E., Delahanty L. M., Montez M. G., Ackermann R. T., Zhuo X., Knowler W. C., Ratner R. E. The effect of lifestyle intervention and metformin on preventing or delaying diabetes among women with and without gestational diabetes: the Diabetes Prevention Program outcomes study 10-year follow-up. The Journal of Clinical Endocrinology &amp; Metabolism. 2015; 100 (4): 1646-1653. DOI: 10.1210/jc.2014-3761.</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="cit19"><label>19</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Zahedi M., Chashmyazdan M., Gholami Fesharaki M., Tohidi M., Azizi F., Hadaegh F. Clinical guidelines for women with a history of gestational diabetes and their offspring. Journal of Diabetes &amp; Metabolic Disorders. 2025; 24 (2): 180-192. DOI: 10.1007/s40200-025-01567-4.</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Zahedi M., Chashmyazdan M., Gholami Fesharaki M., Tohidi M., Azizi F., Hadaegh F. Clinical guidelines for women with a history of gestational diabetes and their offspring. Journal of Diabetes &amp; Metabolic Disorders. 2025; 24 (2): 180-192. DOI: 10.1007/s40200-025-01567-4.</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="cit20"><label>20</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Инструкции по медицинскому применению лекарственного препарата Форметин®. https://grls.pharm-portal.ru/grls/3e7e7644-800d-4967-b830- bc7234c8e5ea#instructions</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Instructions for the medical use of the drug Formetin®. https://grls.pharm-portal.ru/grls/3e7e7644-800d-4967-b830-bc7234c8e5ea#instructions (In Russ.)</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="cit21"><label>21</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Инструкция по медицинскому применению лекарственного препарата Форметин® Лонг. https://grls.pharm-portal.ru/grls/02b128b9-9a6a-4802-94df-6fafdd2d47bd#summary</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Instruction for the medical use of the drug Formetin® Long. https://grls.pharmportal.ru/grls/02b128b9-9a6a-4802-94df-6fafdd2d47bd#summary (In Russ.)</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="cit22"><label>22</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Molteni L., Marelli G., Castagna G., et al. Improving Type 2 Diabetes Care with Extended-Release Metformin: Real-Life Insights from a Physician Educational Program. Endocr Metab Immune Disord Drug Targets. 2024; 24 (12): 1422-1430.</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Molteni L., Marelli G., Castagna G., et al. Improving Type 2 Diabetes Care with Extended-Release Metformin: Real-Life Insights from a Physician Educational Program. Endocr Metab Immune Disord Drug Targets. 2024; 24 (12): 1422-1430.</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref></ref-list><fn-group><fn fn-type="conflict"><p>The authors declare that there are no conflicts of interest present.</p></fn></fn-group></back></article>
