<?xml version="1.0" encoding="UTF-8"?>
<!DOCTYPE article PUBLIC "-//NLM//DTD JATS (Z39.96) Journal Publishing DTD v1.3 20210610//EN" "JATS-journalpublishing1-3.dtd">
<article article-type="research-article" dtd-version="1.3" xmlns:mml="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" xmlns:xlink="http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink" xmlns:xsi="http://www.w3.org/2001/XMLSchema-instance" xml:lang="ru"><front><journal-meta><journal-id journal-id-type="publisher-id">lvrach</journal-id><journal-title-group><journal-title xml:lang="ru">Лечащий Врач</journal-title><trans-title-group xml:lang="en"><trans-title>Lechaschi Vrach</trans-title></trans-title-group></journal-title-group><issn pub-type="ppub">1560-5175</issn><issn pub-type="epub">2687-1181</issn><publisher><publisher-name></publisher-name></publisher></journal-meta><article-meta><article-id pub-id-type="doi">10.51793/OS.2025.28.12.010</article-id><article-id custom-type="elpub" pub-id-type="custom">lvrach-1520</article-id><article-categories><subj-group subj-group-type="heading"><subject>Research Article</subject></subj-group><subj-group subj-group-type="section-heading" xml:lang="ru"><subject>АКТУАЛЬНАЯ ТЕМА</subject></subj-group><subj-group subj-group-type="section-heading" xml:lang="en"><subject>TOPICAL THEME</subject></subj-group></article-categories><title-group><article-title>Проблема тревожности у пациентов накануне планового торакального оперативного вмешательства в зависимости от статуса курения</article-title><trans-title-group xml:lang="en"><trans-title>Anxiety issues in patients on the eve of planned thoracic surgery depending on smoking status</trans-title></trans-title-group></title-group><contrib-group><contrib contrib-type="author" corresp="yes"><contrib-id contrib-id-type="orcid">https://orcid.org/0000-0002-5918-4225</contrib-id><name-alternatives><name name-style="eastern" xml:lang="ru"><surname>Сигал</surname><given-names>А. М.</given-names></name><name name-style="western" xml:lang="en"><surname>Sigal</surname><given-names>A. M.</given-names></name></name-alternatives><bio xml:lang="ru"><p>Сигал Альберт Мойшевич, к.м.н., онколог, торакальный хирург онкологического отделения № 1; доцент кафедры хирургии, институт фундаментальной медицины и биологии</p><p>420029, Казань, ул. Сибирский тракт, 29</p><p>420012, Казань, ул. Карла Маркса, 76</p></bio><bio xml:lang="en"><p>Albert M. Sigal, Cand. of Sci. (Med.), oncologist, thoracic surgeon of the Oncology Department No 1; Associate Professor of the Department of Surgery</p><p>29 Sibirskiy Trakt str., Kazan, 420029</p><p>76 Karla Marksa str., Kazan, 42001</p></bio><xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff-1"/></contrib><contrib contrib-type="author" corresp="yes"><contrib-id contrib-id-type="orcid">https://orcid.org/0009-0000-9791-9619</contrib-id><name-alternatives><name name-style="eastern" xml:lang="ru"><surname>Саттарова</surname><given-names>Н. З.</given-names></name><name name-style="western" xml:lang="en"><surname>Sattarova</surname><given-names>N. Z.</given-names></name></name-alternatives><bio xml:lang="ru"><p>Саттарова Наталья Зиннуровна, онколог онкологического отделения № 14; онколог; ассистент кафедры хирургии, институт фундаментальной медицины и биологии</p><p>420029, Казань, ул. Сибирский тракт, 29</p><p>422544, Зеленодольск, ул. Гоголя, 1</p><p>420012, Казань, ул. Карла Маркса, 76</p></bio><bio xml:lang="en"><p>Natalia Z. Sattarova, oncologist of the Oncology Department No 14; oncologist</p><p>29 Sibirskiy Trakt str., Kazan, 420029</p><p>1 Gogolya str., Zelenodolsk, 422544</p><p>6 Karla Marksa str., Kazan, 420012</p></bio><xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff-2"/></contrib><contrib contrib-type="author" corresp="yes"><contrib-id contrib-id-type="orcid">https://orcid.org/0009-0001-7405-9641</contrib-id><name-alternatives><name name-style="eastern" xml:lang="ru"><surname>Салахутдинов</surname><given-names>Э. Р.</given-names></name><name name-style="western" xml:lang="en"><surname>Salakhutdinov</surname><given-names>E. R.</given-names></name></name-alternatives><bio xml:lang="ru"><p>Салахутдинов Эмиль Рашитович, аспирант кафедры генетики, институт фундаментальной медицины и биологии; онколог</p><p>420012, Казань, ул. Карла Маркса, 76</p><p>420029, Казань, ул. Сибирский тракт, 29</p></bio><bio xml:lang="en"><p>Emil R. Salakhutdinov, PhD student of the Department of Genetics, Institute of Fundamental Medicine and Biology; oncologist</p><p>76 Karla Marksa str., Kazan, 420012</p></bio><xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff-3"/></contrib><contrib contrib-type="author" corresp="yes"><contrib-id contrib-id-type="orcid">https://orcid.org/0009-0003-2769-9202</contrib-id><name-alternatives><name name-style="eastern" xml:lang="ru"><surname>Садюкова</surname><given-names>А. А.</given-names></name><name name-style="western" xml:lang="en"><surname>Sadyukova</surname><given-names>A. A.</given-names></name></name-alternatives><bio xml:lang="ru"><p>Садюкова Анастасия Алексеевна, студентка 6-го курса лечебного факультета, институт фундаментальной медицины и биологии</p><p>420012, Казань, ул. Карла Маркса, 76</p></bio><bio xml:lang="en"><p>Anastasiya A. Sadyukova, 6th year student of the Faculty of General Medicine</p><p>76 Karla Marksa str., Kazan, 420012</p></bio><xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff-4"/></contrib></contrib-group><aff-alternatives id="aff-1"><aff xml:lang="ru"><institution>Республиканский клинический онкологический диспансер Министерства здравоохранения Республики Татарстан имени профессора М. З. Сигала; Казанский (Приволжский) федеральный университет</institution><country>Россия</country></aff><aff xml:lang="en"><institution>Republican Clinical Oncological Dispensary of the Ministry of Health of the Republic of Tatarstan named after Professor M. Z. Sigal; Kazan (Volga Region) Federal University</institution><country>Russian Federation</country></aff></aff-alternatives><aff-alternatives id="aff-2"><aff xml:lang="ru"><institution>Республиканский клинический онкологический диспансер Министерства здравоохранения Республики Татарстан имени профессора М. З. Сигала; Государственное автономное учреждение здравоохранения «Зеленодольская центральная районная больница»; Казанский (Приволжский) федеральный университет</institution><country>Россия</country></aff><aff xml:lang="en"><institution>Republican Clinical Oncological Dispensary of the Ministry of Health of the Republic of Tatarstan named after Professor M. Z. Sigal; Zelenodolsk Central District Hospital; Kazan (Volga Region) Federal University</institution><country>Russian Federation</country></aff></aff-alternatives><aff-alternatives id="aff-3"><aff xml:lang="ru"><institution>Казанский (Приволжский) федеральный университет; Республиканский клинический онкологический диспансер Министерства здравоохранения Республики Татарстан имени профессора М. З. Сигала</institution><country>Россия</country></aff><aff xml:lang="en"><institution>Kazan (Volga Region) Federal University; Republican Clinical Oncological Dispensary of the Ministry of Health of the Republic of Tatarstan named after Professor M. Z. Sigal</institution><country>Russian Federation</country></aff></aff-alternatives><aff-alternatives id="aff-4"><aff xml:lang="ru"><institution>Казанский (Приволжский) федеральный университет</institution><country>Россия</country></aff><aff xml:lang="en"><institution>Kazan (Volga Region) Federal University</institution><country>Russian Federation</country></aff></aff-alternatives><pub-date pub-type="collection"><year>2025</year></pub-date><pub-date pub-type="epub"><day>18</day><month>12</month><year>2025</year></pub-date><volume>0</volume><issue>12</issue><fpage>63</fpage><lpage>72</lpage><permissions><copyright-statement>Copyright &amp;#x00A9; Сигал А.М., Саттарова Н.З., Салахутдинов Э.Р., Садюкова А.А., 2025</copyright-statement><copyright-year>2025</copyright-year><copyright-holder xml:lang="ru">Сигал А.М., Саттарова Н.З., Салахутдинов Э.Р., Садюкова А.А.</copyright-holder><copyright-holder xml:lang="en">Sigal A.M., Sattarova N.Z., Salakhutdinov E.R., Sadyukova A.A.</copyright-holder><license xml:lang="ru" license-type="creative-commons-attribution" xlink:href="https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/" xlink:type="simple"><license-p>Данная работа распространяется под лицензией Creative Commons Attribution 4.0.</license-p></license><license xml:lang="en" license-type="creative-commons-attribution" xlink:href="https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/" xlink:type="simple"><license-p>This work is licensed under a Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 License.</license-p></license></permissions><self-uri xlink:href="https://journal.lvrach.ru/jour/article/view/1520">https://journal.lvrach.ru/jour/article/view/1520</self-uri><abstract><p>Введение. Плановое хирургическое вмешательство представляет собой психологический стресс для пациентов, который может усугублять течение никотиновой зависимости и способствовать росту уровня тревожности. Продолжение курения в периоперационном периоде многократно увеличивает риски респираторных осложнений.Цель работы. Изучение взаимосвязи никотиновой зависимости и уровня тревожности у пациентов в периоперационном периоде, оценка влияния различных стратегий модификации потребления табака (полный отказ, никотинзаместительная терапия, переход на системы нагревания табака) на динамику тревожности.Материалы и методы. Всего в исследование были включены 96 пациентов, разделенных на группы с никотиновой зависимостью и контрольную группу. Уровень тревожности оценивался с использованием шкал госпитальной тревожности. Для анализа применялись методы сравнения групп и динамической оценки уровня тревожности через 3 недели после применения различных стратегий отказа от курения.Результаты. Установлена высокая распространенность тревожности среди пациентов с никотиновой зависимостью (77%), что значимо выше, чем в контрольной группе (53%). Выявлены гендерные различия: среди курящих мужчин повышенный уровень тревожности отмечался у 84% (против 61% у некурящих), тогда как у курящих женщин этот показатель был ниже (32%), чем в контрольной группе (45%). Через 3 недели наблюдения наименьший уровень тревожности был зафиксирован в группе пациентов, использовавших никотинзаместительную терапию, далее – у тех, кто перешел на системы нагревания табака. У пациентов, которые бросили курить без вспомогательных средств, тревожность оказалась выше, а у тех, кто продолжил курить, уровень тревожности не изменился.Заключение. Полученные данные подтверждают тесную связь между никотиновой зависимостью и тревожностью пациентов. Для пациентов, не готовых к немедленному полному отказу, переход на системы нагревания табака может рассматриваться как временная и переходная мера в рамках комплексного подхода к снижению вреда, но не как поощрение потребления табака. Необходимы дальнейшие исследования для уточнения долгосрочных эффектов различных стратегий и разработки подходов к лечению табачной зависимости.</p></abstract><trans-abstract xml:lang="en"><p>Background. Elective surgery can be a source of psychological stress for patients, which may worsen nicotine addiction and increase anxiety levels. Smoking in the perioperative period can significantly increase the risk of respiratory complications.Objective. The aim of this study was to investigate the relationship between nicotine dependency and anxiety levels in perioperative patients, as well as to assess the effects of various tobacco use modification strategies (complete cessation, nicotine replacement therapy, and transition to heating systems) on anxiety dynamics.Materials and methods. A total of 96 participants were enrolled in the study. They were divided into two groups: those with nicotine dependence and a control group. Anxiety levels were assessed using hospital scales. Three weeks after implementing various smoking cessation methods, group comparisons and dynamic assessments of anxiety were conducted.Results. A high prevalence of anxiety was found among patients with nicotine addiction (77%), which was significantly higher than in the control group (53%). Gender differences were revealed: 84% of men who smoked had an increased level of anxiety (compared to 61% of non-smokers), while women who smoked had a lower level (32%) than the control group. After 3 weeks of follow-up, the lowest level of anxiety was recorded in the group that used nicotine replacement therapy, followed by those that switched to tobacco heating systems. In patients who quit without aids, anxiety levels were higher, and among those who continued smoking, the level did not change.Conclusion. The data obtained confirms a close relationship between nicotine addiction and anxiety in patients. For patients who are not ready for immediate complete withdrawal, switching to tobacco heating systems can be considered as a temporary and transitional measure as part of an integrated approach to harm reduction, but it should not be encouraged as a way to encourage tobacco use. Further research is needed to clarify the long-term effects of various strategies and to develop approaches to treating tobacco addiction.</p></trans-abstract><kwd-group xml:lang="ru"><kwd>никотиновая зависимость</kwd><kwd>тревожность</kwd><kwd>отказ от курения</kwd><kwd>никотинзаместительная терапия</kwd><kwd>системы нагревания табака</kwd><kwd>снижение вреда</kwd><kwd>госпитальная шкала тревожности</kwd></kwd-group><kwd-group xml:lang="en"><kwd>nicotine addiction</kwd><kwd>anxiety</kwd><kwd>quitting smoking</kwd><kwd>nicotine replacement therapy</kwd><kwd>tobacco heating systems</kwd><kwd>harm reduction</kwd><kwd>hospital anxiety scale</kwd></kwd-group></article-meta></front><back><ref-list><title>References</title><ref id="cit1"><label>1</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Krebber A. M., Buffart L. M., Kleijn G., et al. Prevalence of depression in cancer patients: a meta-analysis of diagnostic interviews and self-report instruments. Psychooncology. 2014; 23 (2): 121-130. DOI: 10.1002/pon.3409.</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Krebber A. M., Buffart L. M., Kleijn G., et al. Prevalence of depression in cancer patients: a meta-analysis of diagnostic interviews and self-report instruments. Psychooncology. 2014; 23 (2): 121-130. DOI: 10.1002/pon.3409.</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="cit2"><label>2</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Waraich P., Goldner E. M., Somers J. M., Hsu L. Prevalence and incidence studies of mood disorders: a systematic review of the literature. Can J Psychiatry. 2004; 49 (2): 124-138. DOI: 10.1177/070674370404900208.</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Waraich P., Goldner E. M., Somers J. M., Hsu L. Prevalence and incidence studies of mood disorders: a systematic review of the literature. Can J Psychiatry. 2004; 49 (2): 124-138. DOI: 10.1177/070674370404900208.</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="cit3"><label>3</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">WHO global report on trends in prevalence of tobacco use 2000-2030. Geneva: World Health Organization; 2024. Licence: CC BY-NC-SA 3.0 IGO.</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">WHO global report on trends in prevalence of tobacco use 2000-2030. Geneva: World Health Organization; 2024. Licence: CC BY-NC-SA 3.0 IGO.</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="cit4"><label>4</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Hackshaw A., Morris J. K., Boniface S., Tang J. L., Milenković D. Low cigarette consumption and risk of coronary heart disease and stroke: meta-analysis of 141 cohort studies in 55 study reports. BMJ. 2018; 360: j5855. Published 2018 Jan 24. DOI: 10.1136/bmj.j5855.</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Hackshaw A., Morris J. K., Boniface S., Tang J. L., Milenković D. Low cigarette consumption and risk of coronary heart disease and stroke: meta-analysis of 141 cohort studies in 55 study reports. BMJ. 2018; 360: j5855. Published 2018 Jan 24. DOI: 10.1136/bmj.j5855.</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="cit5"><label>5</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Middlekauff H. R. Cardiovascular impact of electronic-cigarette use. Trends Cardiovasc Med. 2020; 30 (3): 133-140. DOI: 10.1016/j.tcm.2019.04.006</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Middlekauff H. R. Cardiovascular impact of electronic-cigarette use. Trends Cardiovasc Med. 2020; 30 (3): 133-140. DOI: 10.1016/j.tcm.2019.04.006</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="cit6"><label>6</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">О Федеральном законе от 23 февраля 2013 г. № 15-ФЗ «Об охране здоровья граждан от воздействия окружающего табачного дыма и последствий потребления табака». Собрание законодательства РФ. 2013; 8. Ст. 721.</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">On Federal Law No. 15-FZ of February 23, 2013 "On Protecting the Health of Citizens from Exposure to ambient tobacco Smoke and the consequences of tobacco consumption." Collection of legislation of the Russian Federation. 2013; 8. Article 721. (In Russ.)</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="cit7"><label>7</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Sørensen L. T. Wound healing and infection in surgery. The clinical impact of smoking and smoking cessation: a systematic review and meta-analysis. Arch Surg. 2012; 147 (4): 373-383. DOI: 10.1001/archsurg.2012.5.</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Sørensen L. T. Wound healing and infection in surgery. The clinical impact of smoking and smoking cessation: a systematic review and meta-analysis. Arch Surg. 2012; 147 (4): 373-383. DOI: 10.1001/archsurg.2012.5.</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="cit8"><label>8</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Wong C., Mohamad Asfia S. K. B., Myles P. S., et al. Smoking and Complications After Cancer Surgery: A Systematic Review and Meta-Analysis. JAMA Netw Open. 2025; 8 (3): e250295</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Wong C., Mohamad Asfia S. K. B., Myles P. S., et al. Smoking and Complications After Cancer Surgery: A Systematic Review and Meta-Analysis. JAMA Netw Open. 2025; 8 (3): e250295</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="cit9"><label>9</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Gourgiotis S., Aloizos S., Aravosita P., Mystakelli C., Isaia E. C., Gakis C., Salemis N. S. The effects of tobacco smoking on the incidence and risk of intraoperative and postoperative complications in adults. Surgeon. 2011; 9 (4): 225-232. DOI: 10.1016/j.surge.2011.02.001. Epub 2011 Mar 15. PMID: 21672663.</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Gourgiotis S., Aloizos S., Aravosita P., Mystakelli C., Isaia E. C., Gakis C., Salemis N. S. The effects of tobacco smoking on the incidence and risk of intraoperative and postoperative complications in adults. Surgeon. 2011; 9 (4): 225-232. DOI: 10.1016/j.surge.2011.02.001. Epub 2011 Mar 15. PMID: 21672663.</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="cit10"><label>10</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Дамбаев Г. Ц., Шефер Н. А., Кондауров А. Г., Гаркуша В. М., Ена И. И. Периоперационная профилактика респираторных осложнений у пациентов с операбельными формами рака легкого. Сибирский научный медицинский журнал. 2019; 2. URL: https://cyberleninka.ru/article/n/perioperatsionnaya-profilaktika-respiratornyhoslozhneniy-u-patsientov-s-operabelnymi-formami-raka-legkogo.</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Dambaev G. Ts., Shefer N. A., Kondaurov A. G., Garkusha V. M., Ena I. I. Perioperative Prevention of Respiratory Complications in Patients with Operable Forms of Lung Cancer. Sibirsky Nauchny Meditsinsky Zhurnal. 2019; 2. URL: https://cyberleninka.ru/article/n/perioperatsionnayaprofilaktika-respiratornyh-oslozhneniy-u-patsientov-s-operabelnymiformami-raka-legkogo. (In Russ.)</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="cit11"><label>11</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Mills E., Eyawo O., Lockhart I., Kelly S., Wu P., Ebbert J. O. Smoking cessation reduces postoperative complications: a systematic review and meta-analysis. Am J Med. 2011; 124 (2): 144-154.e8. DOI: 10.1016/j.amjmed.2010.09.013.</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Mills E., Eyawo O., Lockhart I., Kelly S., Wu P., Ebbert J. O. Smoking cessation reduces postoperative complications: a systematic review and meta-analysis. Am J Med. 2011; 124 (2): 144-154.e8. DOI: 10.1016/j.amjmed.2010.09.013.</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="cit12"><label>12</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Thomsen T., Villebro N., Møller A. M. Interventions for preoperative smoking cessation. Cochrane Database Syst Rev. 2014; 2014 (3): CD002294. Published 2014 Mar 27. DOI: 10.1002/14651858.CD002294.pub4.</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Thomsen T., Villebro N., Møller A. M. Interventions for preoperative smoking cessation. Cochrane Database Syst Rev. 2014; 2014 (3): CD002294. Published 2014 Mar 27. DOI: 10.1002/14651858.CD002294.pub4.</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="cit13"><label>13</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Федеральный закон «О государственном регулировании производства и оборота табачных изделий, табачной продукции, никотинсодержащей продукции и сырья для их производства» от 13.06.2023 N 203-ФЗ (последняя редакция от 23.05.2025 г.).</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Federal Law "On State Regulation of the Manufacture and Circulation of Tobacco Products, Nicotine Containing Products, and Raw Materials for Their Production" dated 13.06.2023 No. 203 FZ (latest version as of 23.05.2025). (In Russ.)</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="cit14"><label>14</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Ле Узеке Ж., Сэве У. Сокращение потребления табака и временное воздержание: новые подходы к отказу от курения. J Mal Vasc. 2003; 28 (5): 293-300.</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Le Uzèque J., Sève U. Tobacco Consumption Reduction and Temporary Abstinence: New Approaches to Smoking Cessation. J Mal Vasc. 2003; 28 (5): 293-300. (In Russ.)</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="cit15"><label>15</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Максимов М. Л., Данилова М. С., Шикалева А. А., Звегинцева А. А. Использование альтернативных никотинсодержащих продуктов для снижения вреда у пациентов, не отказывающихся от потребления никотина. Нарративный обзор. Клинический разбор в общей медицине. 2024; 5 (11): 85-100. DOI: 10.47407/kr2024.5.11.00521.</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Maksimov M. L., Danilova M. S., Shikaleva A. A., Zvegintseva A. A. Use of Alternative Nicotine-Containing Products for Harm Reduction in Patients Who Do Not Quit Nicotine Consumption: A Narrative Review. Klinicheskii razbor v obschei meditsine. 2024; 5 (11): 85-100. DOI: 10.47407/kr2024.5.11.00521. (In Russ.)</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="cit16"><label>16</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Streck J. M., Rigotti N. A., Livingstone-Banks J., Tindle H. A., Clair C., Munafò M. R., Sterling-Maisel C., Hartmann-Boyce J. Interventions for smoking cessation in hospitalised patients. Cochrane Database of Systematic Reviews 2024, Issue 5. Art. No.: CD001837. DOI: 10.1002/14651858.CD001837.pub4.</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Streck J. M., Rigotti N. A., Livingstone-Banks J., Tindle H. A., Clair C., Munafò M. R., Sterling-Maisel C., Hartmann-Boyce J. Interventions for smoking cessation in hospitalised patients. Cochrane Database of Systematic Reviews 2024, Issue 5. Art. No.: CD001837. DOI: 10.1002/14651858.CD001837.pub4.</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="cit17"><label>17</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Гамбарян М. Никотинзаместительная терапия табачной зависимости в профилактике кардиореспираторных заболеваний. Рациональная фармакотерапия в кардиологии. 2013; 3 (9): 280-286. EDN QIKZRX.</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Gambaryan M. Nicotine Replacement Therapy for Tobacco Dependence in the Prevention of Cardiorespiratory Diseases. Ratsionalnaya farmakoterapiya v kardiologii. 2013; 3 (9): 280-286. EDN QIKZRX. (In Russ.)</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="cit18"><label>18</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Rodrigo G., Jaccard G., Tafin Djoko D., Korneliou A., Esposito M., Belushkin M. Cancer potencies and margin of exposure used for comparative risk assessment of heated tobacco products and electronic cigarettes aerosols with cigarette smoke. Arch Toxicol. 2021; 95 (1): 283-298. DOI: 10.1007/s00204-020-02924-x.</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Rodrigo G., Jaccard G., Tafin Djoko D., Korneliou A., Esposito M., Belushkin M. Cancer potencies and margin of exposure used for comparative risk assessment of heated tobacco products and electronic cigarettes aerosols with cigarette smoke. Arch Toxicol. 2021; 95 (1): 283-298. DOI: 10.1007/s00204-020-02924-x.</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="cit19"><label>19</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Bitzer Z. T., Goel R., Trushin N., Muscat J., Richie J. P. Jr. Free Radical Production and Characterization of Heat-Not-Burn Cigarettes in Comparison to Conventional and Electronic Cigarettes. Chem Res Toxicol. 2020; 33 (7): 1882-1887. DOI: 10.1021/acs.chemrestox.0c00088.</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Bitzer Z. T., Goel R., Trushin N., Muscat J., Richie J. P. Jr. Free Radical Production and Characterization of Heat-Not-Burn Cigarettes in Comparison to Conventional and Electronic Cigarettes. Chem Res Toxicol. 2020; 33 (7): 1882-1887. DOI: 10.1021/acs.chemrestox.0c00088.</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="cit20"><label>20</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Tattan-Birch H., Hartmann-Boyce J., Kock L., Simonavicius E., Brose L., Jackson S., Shahab L., Brown J. Heated tobacco products for smoking cessation and reducing smoking prevalence. Cochrane Database Syst Rev. 2022; 1 (1): CD013790. DOI: 10.1002/14651858.CD013790.pub2. PMID: 34988969; PMCID: PMC8733777.</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Tattan-Birch H., Hartmann-Boyce J., Kock L., Simonavicius E., Brose L., Jackson S., Shahab L., Brown J. Heated tobacco products for smoking cessation and reducing smoking prevalence. Cochrane Database Syst Rev. 2022; 1 (1): CD013790. DOI: 10.1002/14651858.CD013790.pub2. PMID: 34988969; PMCID: PMC8733777.</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="cit21"><label>21</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">St. Helen G., Jacob Iii P., Nardone N., Benowitz N. L. IQOS: examination of Philip Morris International's claim of reduced exposure. Tob Control. 2018; 27 (Suppl 1): s30-s36. DOI: 10.1136/tobaccocontrol-2018-054321. Epub 2018 Aug 29. PMID: 30158205; PMCID: PMC6252487.</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">St. Helen G., Jacob Iii P., Nardone N., Benowitz N. L. IQOS: examination of Philip Morris International's claim of reduced exposure. Tob Control. 2018; 27 (Suppl 1): s30-s36. DOI: 10.1136/tobaccocontrol-2018-054321. Epub 2018 Aug 29. PMID: 30158205; PMCID: PMC6252487.</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="cit22"><label>22</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Salman R., Talih S., El-Hage R., Haddad C., Karaoghlanian N., El-Hellani A., Saliba N. A., Shihadeh A. Free-Base and Total Nicotine, Reactive Oxygen Species, and Carbonyl Emissions From IQOS, a Heated Tobacco Product. Nicotine Tob Res. 2019; 21 (9): 1285-1288. DOI: 10.1093/ntr/nty235. PMID: 30476301; PMCID: PMC6698952.</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Salman R., Talih S., El-Hage R., Haddad C., Karaoghlanian N., El-Hellani A., Saliba N. A., Shihadeh A. Free-Base and Total Nicotine, Reactive Oxygen Species, and Carbonyl Emissions From IQOS, a Heated Tobacco Product. Nicotine Tob Res. 2019; 21 (9): 1285-1288. DOI: 10.1093/ntr/nty235. PMID: 30476301; PMCID: PMC6698952.</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="cit23"><label>23</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Uguna C. N., Snape C. E. Should IQOS Emissions Be Considered as Smoke and Harmful to Health? A Review of the Chemical Evidence. ACS Omega. 2022; 7 (26): 22111-22124. Published 2022 Jun 22. DOI: 10.1021/acsomega.2c01527.</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Uguna C. N., Snape C. E. Should IQOS Emissions Be Considered as Smoke and Harmful to Health? A Review of the Chemical Evidence. ACS Omega. 2022; 7 (26): 22111-22124. Published 2022 Jun 22. DOI: 10.1021/acsomega.2c01527.</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="cit24"><label>24</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Davis B., Williams M., Talbot P. iQOS: evidence of pyrolysis and release of a toxicant from plastic. Tob Control. 2019; 28 (1): 34-41. DOI: 10.1136/tobaccocontrol-2017-054104. Epub 2018 Mar 13. PMID: 29535257.</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Davis B., Williams M., Talbot P. iQOS: evidence of pyrolysis and release of a toxicant from plastic. Tob Control. 2019; 28 (1): 34-41. DOI: 10.1136/tobaccocontrol-2017-054104. Epub 2018 Mar 13. PMID: 29535257.</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="cit25"><label>25</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Ghazi S., Song M. A., El-Hellani A. A scoping review of the toxicity and health impact of IQOS. Tob Induc Dis. 2024;22:10.18332/tid/188867. Published 2024 Jun 3. DOI: 10.18332/tid/188867.</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Ghazi S., Song M. A., El-Hellani A. A scoping review of the toxicity and health impact of IQOS. Tob Induc Dis. 2024;22:10.18332/tid/188867. Published 2024 Jun 3. DOI: 10.18332/tid/188867.</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="cit26"><label>26</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">FDA. Technical Project Lead Review of MRTPA STN: MR0000192 (IQOS 3 System Holder and Charger). Review by CAPT Robin L. Toblin, Associate Director, Division of Population Health Science, Office of Science. U.S. Food and Drug Administration. 2022. [STN: MR0000192].</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">FDA. Technical Project Lead Review of MRTPA STN: MR0000192 (IQOS 3 System Holder and Charger). Review by CAPT Robin L. Toblin, Associate Director, Division of Population Health Science, Office of Science. U.S. Food and Drug Administration. 2022. [STN: MR0000192].</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="cit27"><label>27</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Bhat T. A., Kalathil S. G., Leigh N., et al. Acute Effects of Heated Tobacco Product (IQOS) Aerosol Inhalation on Lung Tissue Damage and Inflammatory Changes in the Lungs. Nicotine Tob Res. 2021; 23 (7): 1160-1167. DOI: 10.1093/ntr/ntaa267.</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Bhat T. A., Kalathil S. G., Leigh N., et al. Acute Effects of Heated Tobacco Product (IQOS) Aerosol Inhalation on Lung Tissue Damage and Inflammatory Changes in the Lungs. Nicotine Tob Res. 2021; 23 (7): 1160-1167. DOI: 10.1093/ntr/ntaa267.</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="cit28"><label>28</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Mineur Y. S., Picciotto M. R. Biological basis for the co-morbidity between smoking and mood disorders. J Dual Diagn. 2009; 5 (2): 122-130. DOI: 10.1080/15504260902869964.</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Mineur Y. S., Picciotto M. R. Biological basis for the co-morbidity between smoking and mood disorders. J Dual Diagn. 2009; 5 (2): 122-130. DOI: 10.1080/15504260902869964.</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="cit29"><label>29</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Waldron I. Patterns and causes of gender differences in smoking. Soc Sci Med. 1991; 32 (9): 989-1005. DOI: 10.1016/0277-9536(91)90157-8.</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Waldron I. Patterns and causes of gender differences in smoking. Soc Sci Med. 1991; 32 (9): 989-1005. DOI: 10.1016/0277-9536(91)90157-8.</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="cit30"><label>30</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Reynoso J., Susabda A., Cepeda-Benito A. Gender Differences in Smoking Cessation. J Psychopathol Behav Assess. 2005; 27: 227-234. https://doi.org/10.1007/s10862-005-0638-2.</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Reynoso J., Susabda A., Cepeda-Benito A. Gender Differences in Smoking Cessation. J Psychopathol Behav Assess. 2005; 27: 227-234. https://doi.org/10.1007/s10862-005-0638-2.</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="cit31"><label>31</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Chaney S., Sheriff S., Merritt L. Gender differences in smoking behavior and cessation. Clinical Nursing Studies. 2015; 3: 10.5430/cns.v3n3p17.</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Chaney S., Sheriff S., Merritt L. Gender differences in smoking behavior and cessation. Clinical Nursing Studies. 2015; 3: 10.5430/cns.v3n3p17.</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="cit32"><label>32</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Lüdicke F., Ansari S. M., Lama N., et al. Effects of Switching to a Heat-Not-Burn Tobacco Product on Biologically Relevant Biomarkers to Assess a Candidate Modified Risk Tobacco Product: A Randomized Trial. Cancer Epidemiol Biomarkers Prev. 2019; 28 (11): 1934-1943. DOI: 10.1158/1055-9965.EPI-18-0915.</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Lüdicke F., Ansari S. M., Lama N., et al. Effects of Switching to a Heat-Not-Burn Tobacco Product on Biologically Relevant Biomarkers to Assess a Candidate Modified Risk Tobacco Product: A Randomized Trial. Cancer Epidemiol Biomarkers Prev. 2019; 28 (11): 1934-1943. DOI: 10.1158/1055-9965.EPI-18-0915.</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="cit33"><label>33</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Rihs A., Schoeni A., Scharf T., Jakob J., Tal K., Jacot-Sadowski I., Humair J.-P., Frei A., Brutsche M., Rodondi N., Auer R., Baggio S. Effect of e-cigarettes for smoking cessation on depressive and anxiety symptoms: Secondary analysis of a randomized controlled trial. General Hospital Psychiatry. 2025; 93: 67-72. ISSN 0163-8343, https://doi.org/10.1016/j.genhosppsych.2025.01.011.</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Rihs A., Schoeni A., Scharf T., Jakob J., Tal K., Jacot-Sadowski I., Humair J.-P., Frei A., Brutsche M., Rodondi N., Auer R., Baggio S. Effect of e-cigarettes for smoking cessation on depressive and anxiety symptoms: Secondary analysis of a randomized controlled trial. General Hospital Psychiatry. 2025; 93: 67-72. ISSN 0163-8343, https://doi.org/10.1016/j.genhosppsych.2025.01.011.</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="cit34"><label>34</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Valentine G. W., Hefner K., Jatlow P. I., Rosenheck R. A., Gueorguieva R., Sofuoglu M. Impact of E-cigarettes on Smoking and Related Outcomes in Veteran Smokers With Psychiatric Comorbidity. J Dual Diagn. 2018; 14 (1): 2-13. DOI: 10.1080/15504263.2017.1384877.</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Valentine G. W., Hefner K., Jatlow P. I., Rosenheck R. A., Gueorguieva R., Sofuoglu M. Impact of E-cigarettes on Smoking and Related Outcomes in Veteran Smokers With Psychiatric Comorbidity. J Dual Diagn. 2018; 14 (1): 2-13. DOI: 10.1080/15504263.2017.1384877.</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="cit35"><label>35</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Caponnetto P., Auditore R., Russo C., Cappello G. C., Polosa R. Impact of an electronic cigarette on smoking reduction and cessation in schizophrenic smokers: a prospective 12-month pilot study. Int J Environ Res Public Health. 2013; 10 (2): 446-461. DOI: 10.3390/ijerph10020446. PMID: 23358230; PMCID: PMC3635154.</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Caponnetto P., Auditore R., Russo C., Cappello G. C., Polosa R. Impact of an electronic cigarette on smoking reduction and cessation in schizophrenic smokers: a prospective 12-month pilot study. Int J Environ Res Public Health. 2013; 10 (2): 446-461. DOI: 10.3390/ijerph10020446. PMID: 23358230; PMCID: PMC3635154.</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="cit36"><label>36</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Adriaens K., Gucht D. V., Baeyens F. IQOSTM vs. e-Cigarette vs. Tobacco Cigarette: A Direct Comparison of Short-Term Effects after Overnight-Abstinence. Int J Environ Res Public Health. 2018; 15 (12): 2902. DOI: 10.3390/ijerph15122902. PMID: 30567400; PMCID: PMC6313326.</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Adriaens K., Gucht D. V., Baeyens F. IQOSTM vs. e-Cigarette vs. Tobacco Cigarette: A Direct Comparison of Short-Term Effects after Overnight-Abstinence. Int J Environ Res Public Health. 2018; 15 (12): 2902. DOI: 10.3390/ijerph15122902. PMID: 30567400; PMCID: PMC6313326.</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="cit37"><label>37</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">A clinical practice guideline for treating tobacco use and dependence: A US Public Health Service report. The Tobacco Use and Dependence Clinical Practice Guideline Panel, Staff, and Consortium Representatives. JAMA. 2000; 283 (24): 3244-3254.</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">A clinical practice guideline for treating tobacco use and dependence: A US Public Health Service report. The Tobacco Use and Dependence Clinical Practice Guideline Panel, Staff, and Consortium Representatives. JAMA. 2000; 283 (24): 3244-3254.</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="cit38"><label>38</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Cahill K., Stevens S., Perera R., Lancaster T. Pharmacological interventions for smoking cessation: an overview and network meta-analysis. Cochrane Database Syst Rev. 2013; 2013 (5): CD009329. Published 2013 May 31. DOI: 10.1002/14651858.CD009329.pub.</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Cahill K., Stevens S., Perera R., Lancaster T. Pharmacological interventions for smoking cessation: an overview and network meta-analysis. Cochrane Database Syst Rev. 2013; 2013 (5): CD009329. Published 2013 May 31. DOI: 10.1002/14651858.CD009329.pub.</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="cit39"><label>39</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Heatherton T. F., Kozlowski L. T., Frecker R. C., Fagerström K. O. The Fagerström Test for Nicotine Dependence: a revision of the Fagerström Tolerance Questionnaire. Br J Addict. 1991; 86 (9): 1119-1127. DOI: 10.1111/j.1360-0443.1991.tb01879.x. PMID: 1932883.</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Heatherton T. F., Kozlowski L. T., Frecker R. C., Fagerström K. O. The Fagerström Test for Nicotine Dependence: a revision of the Fagerström Tolerance Questionnaire. Br J Addict. 1991; 86 (9): 1119-1127. DOI: 10.1111/j.1360-0443.1991.tb01879.x. PMID: 1932883.</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="cit40"><label>40</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Snaith R. P. The Hospital Anxiety And Depression Scale. Health Qual Life Outcomes. 2003; 1: 29. https://doi.org/10.1186/1477-7525-1-29.</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Snaith R. P. The Hospital Anxiety And Depression Scale. Health Qual Life Outcomes. 2003; 1: 29. https://doi.org/10.1186/1477-7525-1-29.</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref></ref-list><fn-group><fn fn-type="conflict"><p>The authors declare that there are no conflicts of interest present.</p></fn></fn-group></back></article>
