<?xml version="1.0" encoding="UTF-8"?>
<!DOCTYPE article PUBLIC "-//NLM//DTD JATS (Z39.96) Journal Publishing DTD v1.3 20210610//EN" "JATS-journalpublishing1-3.dtd">
<article article-type="research-article" dtd-version="1.3" xmlns:mml="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" xmlns:xlink="http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink" xmlns:xsi="http://www.w3.org/2001/XMLSchema-instance" xml:lang="ru"><front><journal-meta><journal-id journal-id-type="publisher-id">lvrach</journal-id><journal-title-group><journal-title xml:lang="ru">Лечащий Врач</journal-title><trans-title-group xml:lang="en"><trans-title>Lechaschi Vrach</trans-title></trans-title-group></journal-title-group><issn pub-type="ppub">1560-5175</issn><issn pub-type="epub">2687-1181</issn><publisher><publisher-name>ООО «Издательство "Открытые системы"»</publisher-name></publisher></journal-meta><article-meta><article-id pub-id-type="doi">10.51793/OS.2025.28.10.006</article-id><article-id custom-type="elpub" pub-id-type="custom">lvrach-1474</article-id><article-categories><subj-group subj-group-type="heading"><subject>Research Article</subject></subj-group><subj-group subj-group-type="section-heading" xml:lang="ru"><subject>БРОНХОПУЛЬМОНОЛОГИЯ. ОТОЛАРИНГОЛОГИЯ</subject></subj-group><subj-group subj-group-type="section-heading" xml:lang="en"><subject>BRONCHOPULMONOLOGY. OTOLARYNGOLOGY</subject></subj-group></article-categories><title-group><article-title>Микробиом легких и хроническая обструктивная болезнь легких: современный взгляд на проблему</article-title><trans-title-group xml:lang="en"><trans-title>The lung microbiome and chronic obstructive pulmonary disease: a contemporary perspective on the issue</trans-title></trans-title-group></title-group><contrib-group><contrib contrib-type="author" corresp="yes"><contrib-id contrib-id-type="orcid">https://orcid.org/0009-0002-0553-9550</contrib-id><name-alternatives><name name-style="eastern" xml:lang="ru"><surname>Куприянова</surname><given-names>А. А.</given-names></name><name name-style="western" xml:lang="en"><surname>Kupriyanova</surname><given-names>A. A.</given-names></name></name-alternatives><bio xml:lang="ru"><p>Куприянова Арина Анатольевна, ординатор кафедры факультетской терапии</p><p>394036, Воронеж, ул. Студенческая, 10</p></bio><bio xml:lang="en"><p>Arina A. Kupriyanova, Resident of the Department of Faculty Therapy</p><p>10 Studencheskaya str., Voronezh, 394036</p></bio><email xlink:type="simple">arina.kupriyanova.2000@mail.ru</email><xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff-1"/></contrib><contrib contrib-type="author" corresp="yes"><contrib-id contrib-id-type="orcid">https://orcid.org/0000-0003-4796-7334</contrib-id><name-alternatives><name name-style="eastern" xml:lang="ru"><surname>Красноруцкая</surname><given-names>О. Н.</given-names></name><name name-style="western" xml:lang="en"><surname>Krasnorutckaуa</surname><given-names>O. N.</given-names></name></name-alternatives><bio xml:lang="ru"><p>Красноруцкая Ольга Николаевна, д.м.н., заведующаякафедры инфекционных болезней и иммунологии</p><p>394036, Воронеж, ул. Студенческая, 10</p></bio><bio xml:lang="en"><p>Olga N. Krasnorutckaуa, Dr. of Sci. (Med.), Head of the Department of Infectious Diseases and Immunology</p><p>10 Studencheskaya str., Voronezh, 394036</p></bio><email xlink:type="simple">89805520393onk@gmail.com</email><xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff-1"/></contrib><contrib contrib-type="author" corresp="yes"><contrib-id contrib-id-type="orcid">https://orcid.org/0000-0002-1707-436X</contrib-id><name-alternatives><name name-style="eastern" xml:lang="ru"><surname>Шевцова</surname><given-names>В. И.</given-names></name><name name-style="western" xml:lang="en"><surname>Shevcova</surname><given-names>V. I.</given-names></name></name-alternatives><bio xml:lang="ru"><p>Шевцова Вероника Ивановна, к.м.н., доцент кафедры инфекционных болезней и иммунологии</p><p>394036, Воронеж, ул. Студенческая, 10</p></bio><bio xml:lang="en"><p>Veronica I. Shevcova, Cand. of Sci. (Med.), Associate Professor of the Department of Infectious Diseases and Immunology</p><p>10 Studencheskaya str., Voronezh, 394036</p></bio><email xlink:type="simple">shevvi17@yandex.ru</email><xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff-1"/></contrib></contrib-group><aff-alternatives id="aff-1"><aff xml:lang="ru"><institution>Воронежский государственный медицинский университет имени Н. Н. Бурденко</institution><country>Россия</country></aff><aff xml:lang="en"><institution>Voronezh State Medical University named after N. N. Burdenko</institution><country>Russian Federation</country></aff></aff-alternatives><pub-date pub-type="collection"><year>2025</year></pub-date><pub-date pub-type="epub"><day>31</day><month>10</month><year>2025</year></pub-date><volume>0</volume><issue>10</issue><fpage>44</fpage><lpage>49</lpage><permissions><copyright-statement>Copyright &amp;#x00A9; Куприянова А.А., Красноруцкая О.Н., Шевцова В.И., 2025</copyright-statement><copyright-year>2025</copyright-year><copyright-holder xml:lang="ru">Куприянова А.А., Красноруцкая О.Н., Шевцова В.И.</copyright-holder><copyright-holder xml:lang="en">Kupriyanova A.A., Krasnorutckaуa O.N., Shevcova V.I.</copyright-holder><license xml:lang="ru" license-type="creative-commons-attribution" xlink:href="https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/" xlink:type="simple"><license-p>Данная работа распространяется под лицензией Creative Commons Attribution 4.0.</license-p></license><license xml:lang="en" license-type="creative-commons-attribution" xlink:href="https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/" xlink:type="simple"><license-p>This work is licensed under a Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 License.</license-p></license></permissions><self-uri xlink:href="https://journal.lvrach.ru/jour/article/view/1474">https://journal.lvrach.ru/jour/article/view/1474</self-uri><abstract><sec><title>Введение</title><p>Введение. Хроническая обструктивная болезнь легких остается значимой проблемой здравоохранения. Обострения хронической обструктивной болезни легких, часто вызванные бактериальной колонизацией, являются основной причиной прогрессирования и смертности. Однако роль микробиома легких в патогенезе хронической обструктивной болезни легких и его влияние на обострения изучены недостаточно.</p></sec><sec><title>Цель работы</title><p>Цель работы. Анализ современных научных исследований и публикаций, посвященных роли микробиома легких в патогенезе хронической обструктивной болезни легких и возможности коррекции дисбиоза с целью улучшения прогноза пациентов с данной патологией в период обострений.</p></sec><sec><title>Материалы и методы</title><p>Материалы и методы. Проведен анализ российских и зарубежных публикаций за период 2010-2025 гг. из баз данных PubMed, Google Scholar, РИНЦ и eLibrary с использованием ключевых слов: хроническая обструктивная болезнь легких, микробиота, обострение ХОБЛ, антибиотикорезистентность.</p></sec><sec><title>Результаты и обсуждение</title><p>Результаты и обсуждение. До недавнего времени считалось, что легкие у здоровых людей стерильны, поэтому бактериальная колонизация нижних дыхательных путей рассматривалась только в контексте заболеваний легких. Это убеждение основывалось на исследованиях с использованием стандартных методов культивирования. Однако было подсчитано, что более 70% видов бактерий на поверхности тела не могут быть культивированы стандартными методами. Разработка культуральнонезависимых методов микробиологического анализа облегчила идентификацию некультивируемых микробов в организме человека и убедительно продемонстрировала, что флора, населяющая бронхолегочную систему, более разнообразна, чем предполагалось ранее. Исследования показали, что микробиом легких у здоровых и больных хронической обструктивной болезнью легких различается. У пациентов с данным диагнозом наблюдается снижение разнообразия микробиома и преобладание комменсиальных бактерий. В период обострений наблюдается низкое микробное разнообразие. Использование антибиотиков при обострениях дополнительно изменяет состав респираторной микробиоты.</p></sec><sec><title>Заключение</title><p>Заключение. Применение антибиотиков при обострениях хронической обструктивной болезни легких приводит к дисбиозу нижних дыхательных путей и развитию антибиотикорезистентности. Анализ состава микроорганизмов мокроты дает возможность для разработки индивидуальной терапии, а коррекция микробиоты респираторного тракта может улучшить результаты лечения обострения хронической обструктивной болезни легких.</p></sec></abstract><trans-abstract xml:lang="en"><sec><title>Background</title><p>Background. Chronic obstructive pulmonary disease remains a significant public health problem. Exacerbations of сhronic obstructive pulmonary disease, often caused by bacterial colonization, are the main cause of progression and mortality. The dynamics of bacterial ecology during exacerbations and its role in pathogenesis have not been sufficiently studied.</p></sec><sec><title>Objectiva</title><p>Objectiva. Analysis of modern scientific research and publications on the role of the lung microbiome in the pathogenesis of chronic obstructive pulmonary disease and the possibility of correcting dysbiosis in order to improve the prognosis of patients with сhronic obstructive pulmonary disease during exacerbations.</p></sec><sec><title>Material and Methods</title><p>Material and Methods. The analysis of Russian and foreign publications for the period 2010–2025 from the databases PubMed, Google Scholar, RSCI and eLibrary was carried out using the keywords: Chronic obstructive pulmonary disease, microbiota, exacerbation of COPD, antibiotic resistance.</p></sec><sec><title>Results</title><p>Results. Until recently, it was believed that the lungs of healthy people were sterile, so bacterial colonization of the lower respiratory tract was considered only in the context of lung diseases. This belief was based on studies using standard culture methods. However, it has been estimated that more than 70% of the bacterial species on the body surface cannot be cultured using standard methods. The development of culture-independent methods of microbiological analysis has facilitated the identification of uncultivable microbes in the human body and has convincingly demonstrated that the flora inhabiting the bronchopulmonary system is more diverse than previously thought. Studies have shown that the lung microbiome differs between healthy and сhronic obstructive pulmonary disease patients. In patients with сhronic obstructive pulmonary disease, there is a decrease in the diversity of the microbiome and the predominance of commensal bacteria. During the period of exacerbations, low microbial diversity is observed. The use of antibiotics during exacerbations additionally changes the composition of the respiratory microbiota.</p></sec><sec><title>Conclusion</title><p>Conclusion. The use of antibiotics in сhronic obstructive pulmonary disease exacerbations leads to lower respiratory tract dysbiosis and the development of antibiotic resistance. Analysis of the composition of sputum microorganisms makes it possible to develop individual therapy, and correction of the microbiota of the respiratory tract can improve the results of treatment of acute сhronic obstructive pulmonary disease.</p></sec></trans-abstract><kwd-group xml:lang="ru"><kwd>хроническая обструктивная болезнь легких</kwd><kwd>микробиота</kwd><kwd>микробиом легких</kwd><kwd>обострение хронической обструктивной болезни легких</kwd><kwd>антибиотикорезистентность</kwd></kwd-group><kwd-group xml:lang="en"><kwd>сhronic obstructive pulmonary disease</kwd><kwd>microbiota</kwd><kwd>lung microbiome</kwd><kwd>exacerbation of сhronic obstructive pulmonary disease</kwd><kwd>antibiotic resistance</kwd></kwd-group></article-meta></front><back><ref-list><title>References</title><ref id="cit1"><label>1</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Wachami N., Loukid M., Zinedine A., et al. Estimating the global prevalence of chronic obstructive pulmonary disease (COPD): a systematic review and meta-analysis. BMC Public Health. 2024; 1 (24): 29. DOI: 10.1186/s12889-024-17686-9.</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Wachami N., Loukid M., Zinedine A., et al. Estimating the global prevalence of chronic obstructive pulmonary disease (COPD): a systematic review and meta-analysis. BMC Public Health. 2024; 1 (24): 29. DOI: 10.1186/s12889-024-17686-9.</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="cit2"><label>2</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Wang L., Wang Y., Li Y., et al. Role of the lung microbiome in the pathogenesis of chronic obstructive pulmonary disease. Chinese Medical Journal. 2017; 17 (130): 2107-2111. DOI: 10.4103/0366-6999.211452.</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Wang L., Wang Y., Li Y., et al. Role of the lung microbiome in the pathogenesis of chronic obstructive pulmonary disease. Chinese Medical Journal. 2017; 17 (130): 2107-2111. DOI: 10.4103/0366-6999.211452.</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="cit3"><label>3</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Визель А. А., Салахова И. Н., Визель И. Ю. и др. Больные хронической обструктивной болезнью легких: анализ реальной клинической практики. Consilium Medicum. 2018; 3 (20): 35-39.</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Vizel A. A., Salakhova I. N., Vizel I. Yu., et al. Patients with chronic obstructive pulmonary disease: analysis of real clinical practice. Consilium Medicum. 2018; 3 (20): 35-39. (In Russ.)</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="cit4"><label>4</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">From M. Parenting, gender, and perception of changes in children’s behavior during the COVID-19 pandemic. Parenting. 2023; 15 (20): 1-11.</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">From M. Parenting, gender, and perception of changes in children’s behavior during the COVID-19 pandemic. Parenting. 2023; 15 (20): 1-11.</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="cit5"><label>5</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Ramirez-Labrada A. G., Isla D., Artal A., et al. The influence of lung microbiota on lung carcinogenesis, immunity, and immunotherapy. Trends in Cancer. 2020; 2 (6): 86-97. DOI: 10.1016/j.trecan.2019.12.007.</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Ramirez-Labrada A. G., Isla D., Artal A., et al. The influence of lung microbiota on lung carcinogenesis, immunity, and immunotherapy. Trends in Cancer. 2020; 2 (6): 86-97. DOI: 10.1016/j.trecan.2019.12.007.</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="cit6"><label>6</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Hayashi H., Sakamoto M., Benno Y. Phylogenetic analysis of the human gut microbiota using 16S rDNA clone libraries and strictly anaerobic culturebased methods. Microbiology and Immunology. 2002; 46: 535-548. DOI: 10.1111/j.1348-0421.2002.tb02731.x.</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Hayashi H., Sakamoto M., Benno Y. Phylogenetic analysis of the human gut microbiota using 16S rDNA clone libraries and strictly anaerobic culturebased methods. Microbiology and Immunology. 2002; 46: 535-548. DOI: 10.1111/j.1348-0421.2002.tb02731.x.</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="cit7"><label>7</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Федосенко С. В., Дробышева Е. С., Борисов С. Е. и др. Роль сообщества микроорганизмов дыхательных путей в патогенезе хронической обструктивной болезни легких. Бюллетень сибирской медицины. 2014; 1 (13): 153-158.</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Fedosenko S. V., Drobysheva E. S., Borisov S. E., et al. The role of the respiratory tract microorganism community in the pathogenesis of chronic obstructive pulmonary disease. Bulleten sibirskoi meditsiny. 2014. Vol. 13. No. 1. Pp. 153-158. (In Russ.)</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="cit8"><label>8</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Hilty M., Burke C., Pedro H., et al. Disordered microbial communities in asthmatic airways. PLoS ONE. 2010; 1 (5): e8578. DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0008578.</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Hilty M., Burke C., Pedro H., et al. Disordered microbial communities in asthmatic airways. PLoS ONE. 2010; 1 (5): e8578. DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0008578.</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="cit9"><label>9</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Yatera K., Noguchi S., Mukae H. The microbiome in the lower respiratory tract. Respiratory Investigation. 2018; 6 (56): 432-439. DOI: 10.1016/j.resinv.2018.07.005.</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Yatera K., Noguchi S., Mukae H. The microbiome in the lower respiratory tract. Respiratory Investigation. 2018; 6 (56): 432-439. DOI: 10.1016/j.resinv.2018.07.005.</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="cit10"><label>10</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Dickson R. P., Erb-Downward J. R., Huffnagle G. B. The role of the bacterial microbiome in lung disease. Expert Review of Respiratory Medicine. 2013; 3 (7): 245-257.</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Dickson R. P., Erb-Downward J. R., Huffnagle G. B. The role of the bacterial microbiome in lung disease. Expert Review of Respiratory Medicine. 2013; 3 (7): 245-257.</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="cit11"><label>11</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Erb-Downward J. R., Thompson D. L., Han M. K., et al. Analysis of the lung microbiome in the 'healthy' smoker and in COPD. PLoS One. 2011; 6: e16384. DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0016384.</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Erb-Downward J. R., Thompson D. L., Han M. K., et al. Analysis of the lung microbiome in the 'healthy' smoker and in COPD. PLoS One. 2011; 6: e16384. DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0016384.</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="cit12"><label>12</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Sze M. A., Dimitriu P. A., Hayashi S., et al. The lung tissue microbiome in chronic obstructive pulmonary disease. American Journal of Respiratory and Critical Care Medicine. 2012; 10 (185): 1073-1080. DOI: 10.1164/rccm.201111-2075OC.</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Sze M. A., Dimitriu P. A., Hayashi S., et al. The lung tissue microbiome in chronic obstructive pulmonary disease. American Journal of Respiratory and Critical Care Medicine. 2012; 10 (185): 1073-1080. DOI: 10.1164/rccm.201111-2075OC.</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="cit13"><label>13</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Dicker A. J., Huang J. T. J., Lonergan M., et al. The sputum microbiome, airway inflammation, and mortality in chronic obstructive pulmonary disease. Journal of Allergy and Clinical Immunology. 2021; 147: 158-167. DOI: 10.1016/j.jaci.2020.02.040.</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Dicker A. J., Huang J. T. J., Lonergan M., et al. The sputum microbiome, airway inflammation, and mortality in chronic obstructive pulmonary disease. Journal of Allergy and Clinical Immunology. 2021; 147: 158-167. DOI: 10.1016/j.jaci.2020.02.040.</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="cit14"><label>14</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Karakasidis E., Kotsiou O. S., Gourgoulianis K. I. Lung and gut microbiome in COPD. Journal of Personalized Medicine. 2023; 5 (13): 804. DOI: 10.3390/jpm13050804.</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Karakasidis E., Kotsiou O. S., Gourgoulianis K. I. Lung and gut microbiome in COPD. Journal of Personalized Medicine. 2023; 5 (13): 804. DOI: 10.3390/jpm13050804.</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="cit15"><label>15</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Cabrera-Rubio R., Garcia-Núñez M., Setó L., et al. Microbiome diversity in the bronchial tracts of patients with chronic obstructive pulmonary disease. Journal of Clinical Microbiology. 2012; 11 (50): 3562-3568. DOI: 10.1128/JCM.00767-12.</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Cabrera-Rubio R., Garcia-Núñez M., Setó L., et al. Microbiome diversity in the bronchial tracts of patients with chronic obstructive pulmonary disease. Journal of Clinical Microbiology. 2012; 11 (50): 3562-3568. DOI: 10.1128/JCM.00767-12.</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="cit16"><label>16</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Pragman A. A., Kim H. B., Reilly C. S., et al. The lung microbiome in moderate and severe chronic obstructive pulmonary disease. PLoS One. 2012; 10 (7): e47305. DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0047305.</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Pragman A. A., Kim H. B., Reilly C. S., et al. The lung microbiome in moderate and severe chronic obstructive pulmonary disease. PLoS One. 2012; 10 (7): e47305. DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0047305.</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="cit17"><label>17</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Huang Y. J., Sethi S., Murphy T., et al. Airway microbiome dynamics in exacerbations of chronic obstructive pulmonary disease. Journal of Clinical Microbiology. 2014; 8 (52): 2813-2823. DOI: 10.1128/JCM.00035-14.</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Huang Y. J., Sethi S., Murphy T., et al. Airway microbiome dynamics in exacerbations of chronic obstructive pulmonary disease. Journal of Clinical Microbiology. 2014; 8 (52): 2813-2823. DOI: 10.1128/JCM.00035-14.</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="cit18"><label>18</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Hua J.-L., Hu W.-P., Zuo Y.-H., Zhang J. Prevention of acute exacerbation in subjects with moderate-to-very severe COPD by modulating lower respiratory microbiome: protocol of a prospective, multicenter, randomized controlled trial. International Journal of Chronic Obstructive Pulmonary Disease. 2020; 15: 2985-2990. DOI: 10.2147/COPD.S277514.</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Hua J.-L., Hu W.-P., Zuo Y.-H., Zhang J. Prevention of acute exacerbation in subjects with moderate-to-very severe COPD by modulating lower respiratory microbiome: protocol of a prospective, multicenter, randomized controlled trial. International Journal of Chronic Obstructive Pulmonary Disease. 2020; 15: 2985-2990. DOI: 10.2147/COPD.S277514.</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="cit19"><label>19</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Wang Z., Bafadhel M., Haldar K., et al. Lung microbiome dynamics in COPD exacerbations. European Respiratory Journal. 2016; 4 (47): 1082-1092. DOI: 10.1183/13993003.01406-2015.</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Wang Z., Bafadhel M., Haldar K., et al. Lung microbiome dynamics in COPD exacerbations. European Respiratory Journal. 2016; 4 (47): 1082-1092. DOI: 10.1183/13993003.01406-2015.</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="cit20"><label>20</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Mayhew D., Devos N., Lambert C., et al. Longitudinal profiling of the lung microbiome in the AERIS study demonstrates repeatability of bacterial and eosinophilic COPD exacerbations. Thorax. 2018; 5 (73): 422-430. DOI: 10.1136/thoraxjnl-2017-210408.</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Mayhew D., Devos N., Lambert C., et al. Longitudinal profiling of the lung microbiome in the AERIS study demonstrates repeatability of bacterial and eosinophilic COPD exacerbations. Thorax. 2018; 5 (73): 422-430. DOI: 10.1136/thoraxjnl-2017-210408.</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="cit21"><label>21</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Sun Z., Li Y., Wang Z., et al. Dynamic changes of gut and lung microorganisms during chronic obstructive pulmonary disease exacerbations. The Kaohsiung Journal of Medical Sciences. 2020; 2 (36): 107-113. DOI: 10.1002/kjm2.12150.</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Sun Z., Li Y., Wang Z., et al. Dynamic changes of gut and lung microorganisms during chronic obstructive pulmonary disease exacerbations. The Kaohsiung Journal of Medical Sciences. 2020; 2 (36): 107-113. DOI: 10.1002/kjm2.12150.</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="cit22"><label>22</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Li X., Li Y., Mao J., et al. Combination of Chinese and Western medicine optimizes the intestinal microbiota of exacerbated chronic obstructive pulmonary disease in rats. Evidence-Based Complementary and Alternative Medicine. 2021; 2021: 9975407. DOI: 10.1155/2021/9975407.</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Li X., Li Y., Mao J., et al. Combination of Chinese and Western medicine optimizes the intestinal microbiota of exacerbated chronic obstructive pulmonary disease in rats. Evidence-Based Complementary and Alternative Medicine. 2021; 2021: 9975407. DOI: 10.1155/2021/9975407.</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="cit23"><label>23</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Su L., Qiao Y., Luo J., et al. Characteristics of the sputum microbiome in COPD exacerbations and correlations between clinical indices. Journal of Translational Medicine. 2022; 1 (20): 76. DOI: 10.1186/s12967-022-03281-2.</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Su L., Qiao Y., Luo J., et al. Characteristics of the sputum microbiome in COPD exacerbations and correlations between clinical indices. Journal of Translational Medicine. 2022; 1 (20): 76. DOI: 10.1186/s12967-022-03281-2.</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="cit24"><label>24</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Singh R., Mackay A. J., Patel A. R., et al. Inflammatory thresholds and the species-specific effects of colonising bacteria in stable chronic obstructive pulmonary disease. Respiratory Research. 2014; 1 (15): 114. DOI: 10.1186/s12931-014-0114-1.</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Singh R., Mackay A. J., Patel A. R., et al. Inflammatory thresholds and the species-specific effects of colonising bacteria in stable chronic obstructive pulmonary disease. Respiratory Research. 2014; 1 (15): 114. DOI: 10.1186/s12931-014-0114-1.</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="cit25"><label>25</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Barker B. L., Haldar K., Patel H., et al. Association between pathogens detected using quantitative polymerase chain reaction with airway inflammation in COPD at stable state and exacerbations. Chest. 2015; 1 (147): 46-55. DOI: 10.1378/chest.14-0764.</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Barker B. L., Haldar K., Patel H., et al. Association between pathogens detected using quantitative polymerase chain reaction with airway inflammation in COPD at stable state and exacerbations. Chest. 2015; 1 (147): 46-55. DOI: 10.1378/chest.14-0764.</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="cit26"><label>26</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Ghebre M. A., Pang P. H., Diver S., et al. Biological exacerbation clusters demonstrate asthma and COPD overlap with distinct mediator and microbiome profiles. Journal of Allergy and Clinical Immunology. 2018; 6 (141): 2027-2036. DOI: 10.1016/j.jaci.2018.04.013.</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Ghebre M. A., Pang P. H., Diver S., et al. Biological exacerbation clusters demonstrate asthma and COPD overlap with distinct mediator and microbiome profiles. Journal of Allergy and Clinical Immunology. 2018; 6 (141): 2027-2036. DOI: 10.1016/j.jaci.2018.04.013.</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="cit27"><label>27</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Huang Y. J., Kim E., Cox M. J. и др. A persistent and diverse airway microbiota present during chronic obstructive pulmonary disease exacerbations. OMICS: A Journal of Integrative Biology. 2010; 1 (14): 9-59.</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Huang Y. J., Kim E., Cox M. J. и др. A persistent and diverse airway microbiota present during chronic obstructive pulmonary disease exacerbations. OMICS: A Journal of Integrative Biology. 2010; 1 (14): 9-59.</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="cit28"><label>28</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Cabrera-Rubio R., et al. Microbiome Diversity in the Bronchial Tracts of Patients with Chronic Obstructive Pulmonary Disease. Journal of Clinical Microbiology. 2012; 50: 3562-3568.</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Cabrera-Rubio R., et al. Microbiome Diversity in the Bronchial Tracts of Patients with Chronic Obstructive Pulmonary Disease. Journal of Clinical Microbiology. 2012; 50: 3562-3568.</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref></ref-list><fn-group><fn fn-type="conflict"><p>The authors declare that there are no conflicts of interest present.</p></fn></fn-group></back></article>
