<?xml version="1.0" encoding="UTF-8"?>
<!DOCTYPE article PUBLIC "-//NLM//DTD JATS (Z39.96) Journal Publishing DTD v1.3 20210610//EN" "JATS-journalpublishing1-3.dtd">
<article article-type="research-article" dtd-version="1.3" xmlns:mml="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" xmlns:xlink="http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink" xmlns:xsi="http://www.w3.org/2001/XMLSchema-instance" xml:lang="ru"><front><journal-meta><journal-id journal-id-type="publisher-id">lvrach</journal-id><journal-title-group><journal-title xml:lang="ru">Лечащий Врач</journal-title><trans-title-group xml:lang="en"><trans-title>Lechaschi Vrach</trans-title></trans-title-group></journal-title-group><issn pub-type="ppub">1560-5175</issn><issn pub-type="epub">2687-1181</issn><publisher><publisher-name>ООО «Издательство "Открытые системы"»</publisher-name></publisher></journal-meta><article-meta><article-id pub-id-type="doi">10.51793/OS.2025.28.4.009</article-id><article-id custom-type="elpub" pub-id-type="custom">lvrach-1393</article-id><article-categories><subj-group subj-group-type="heading"><subject>Research Article</subject></subj-group><subj-group subj-group-type="section-heading" xml:lang="ru"><subject>СТРАНИЧКА ПЕДИАТРА</subject></subj-group><subj-group subj-group-type="section-heading" xml:lang="en"><subject>PEDIATRICIAN’S PAGE</subject></subj-group></article-categories><title-group><article-title>Гетерогенность уровней гормонов гонадной оси у мальчиков-подростков с ожирением</article-title><trans-title-group xml:lang="en"><trans-title>Gonadal axis hormones heterogeneity in obese adolescent boys</trans-title></trans-title-group></title-group><contrib-group><contrib contrib-type="author" corresp="yes"><contrib-id contrib-id-type="orcid">https://orcid.org/0000-0003-4013-0785</contrib-id><name-alternatives><name name-style="eastern" xml:lang="ru"><surname>Никитина</surname><given-names>И. Л.</given-names></name><name name-style="western" xml:lang="en"><surname>Nikitina</surname><given-names>I. L.</given-names></name></name-alternatives><bio xml:lang="ru"><p>Никитина Ирина Леоровна - д.м.н., профессор, заведующая кафедрой детских болезней с клиникой лечебного факультета Института медицинского образования.</p><p>197341, Санкт-Петербург, ул. Аккуратова, 2</p></bio><bio xml:lang="en"><p>Irina L. Nikitina - Dr. of Sci. (Med.), Professor, Head of the Department of Pediatric Diseases with Clinic, Faculty of Medicine, Institute of Medical Education, Federal State Budgetary Institution V.A. Almazov National Medical Research Center of the Ministry of Health of the Russian Federation.</p><p>2 Akkuratova str., 197341, Saint Petersburg</p></bio><email xlink:type="simple">nikitina0901@gmail.com</email><xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff-1"/></contrib><contrib contrib-type="author" corresp="yes"><contrib-id contrib-id-type="orcid">https://orcid.org/0000-0002-4449-2786</contrib-id><name-alternatives><name name-style="eastern" xml:lang="ru"><surname>Кельмансон</surname><given-names>И. А.</given-names></name><name name-style="western" xml:lang="en"><surname>Kelmanson</surname><given-names>I. A.</given-names></name></name-alternatives><bio xml:lang="ru"><p>Кельмансон Игорь Александрович - д.м.н., профеcсор кафедры детских болезней с клиникой лечебного факультета Института медицинского образования.</p><p>197341, Санкт-Петербург, ул. Аккуратова, 2</p></bio><bio xml:lang="en"><p>Igor A. Kelmanson - Dr. of Sci. (Med.), Professor of the Department of Pediatric Diseases with Clinic, Faculty of Medicine, Institute of Medical Education, Federal State Budgetary Institution V.A. Almazov National Medical Research Center of the Ministry of Health of the Russian Federation.</p><p>2 Akkuratova str., 197341, Saint Petersburg</p></bio><email xlink:type="simple">iakelmanson@hotmail.com</email><xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff-1"/></contrib><contrib contrib-type="author" corresp="yes"><contrib-id contrib-id-type="orcid">https://orcid.org/0000-0003-0740-2646</contrib-id><name-alternatives><name name-style="eastern" xml:lang="ru"><surname>Вторникова</surname><given-names>Н. И.</given-names></name><name name-style="western" xml:lang="en"><surname>Vtornikova</surname><given-names>N. I.</given-names></name></name-alternatives><bio xml:lang="ru"><p>Вторникова Наталья Игоревна - ассистент кафедры детских болезней с клиникой лечебного факультета Института медицинского образования.</p><p>197341, Санкт-Петербург, ул. Аккуратова, 2</p></bio><bio xml:lang="en"><p>Natalia I. Vtornikova - Assistant of the Department of Pediatric Diseases with Clinic, Faculty of Medicine, Institute of Medical Education, Federal State Budgetary Institution V.A. Almazov National Medical Research Center of the Ministry of Health of the Russian Federation.</p><p>2 Akkuratova str., 197341, Saint Petersburg</p></bio><email xlink:type="simple">vtornikova_ni@almazovcentre.ru</email><xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff-1"/></contrib><contrib contrib-type="author" corresp="yes"><contrib-id contrib-id-type="orcid">https://orcid.org/0000-0002-2115-8873</contrib-id><name-alternatives><name name-style="eastern" xml:lang="ru"><surname>Васильева</surname><given-names>Е. Ю.</given-names></name><name name-style="western" xml:lang="en"><surname>Vasilyeva</surname><given-names>E. Yu.</given-names></name></name-alternatives><bio xml:lang="ru"><p>Васильева Елена Юрьевна - к.м.н., заведующая Центральной клинико-диагностической лабораторией, врач клинической лабораторной диагностики.</p><p>197341, Санкт-Петербург, ул. Аккуратова, 2</p></bio><bio xml:lang="en"><p>Elena Yu. Vasilyeva - Cand. of Sci. (Med.), Head of the Central Clinical Diagnostic Laboratory, Clinical Laboratory Diagnostics Doctor, Federal State Budgetary Institution V.A. Almazov National Medical Research Center of the Ministry of Health of the Russian Federation.</p><p>2 Akkuratova str., 197341, Saint Petersburg</p></bio><email xlink:type="simple">elena-almazlab@yandex.ru</email><xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff-1"/></contrib></contrib-group><aff-alternatives id="aff-1"><aff xml:lang="ru"><institution>Национальный медицинский исследовательский центр имени В.А. Алмазова</institution><country>Россия</country></aff><aff xml:lang="en"><institution>Almazov National Medical Research Center</institution><country>Russian Federation</country></aff></aff-alternatives><pub-date pub-type="collection"><year>2025</year></pub-date><pub-date pub-type="epub"><day>09</day><month>04</month><year>2025</year></pub-date><volume>0</volume><issue>4</issue><fpage>59</fpage><lpage>69</lpage><permissions><copyright-statement>Copyright &amp;#x00A9; Никитина И.Л., Кельмансон И.А., Вторникова Н.И., Васильева Е.Ю., 2025</copyright-statement><copyright-year>2025</copyright-year><copyright-holder xml:lang="ru">Никитина И.Л., Кельмансон И.А., Вторникова Н.И., Васильева Е.Ю.</copyright-holder><copyright-holder xml:lang="en">Nikitina I.L., Kelmanson I.A., Vtornikova N.I., Vasilyeva E.Y.</copyright-holder><license xml:lang="ru" license-type="creative-commons-attribution" xlink:href="https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/" xlink:type="simple"><license-p>Данная работа распространяется под лицензией Creative Commons Attribution 4.0.</license-p></license><license xml:lang="en" license-type="creative-commons-attribution" xlink:href="https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/" xlink:type="simple"><license-p>This work is licensed under a Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 License.</license-p></license></permissions><self-uri xlink:href="https://journal.lvrach.ru/jour/article/view/1393">https://journal.lvrach.ru/jour/article/view/1393</self-uri><abstract><sec><title>Введение</title><p>Введение. Ожирение является мультифакториальным заболеванием, обусловленным влиянием различных внутренних и внешних факторов. В связи с большей подверженностью влиянию внешних факторов подростки относятся к группе повышенного риска ожирения. Распространенность ожирения в детской популяции растет как в США и Европе, так и в Российской Федерации. Пациенты с экзогенно-конституциональной формой ожирения рассматриваются как гетерогенная группа по особенностям пищевого поведения, эмоциональным характеристикам, качеству сна. Клиническая картина ожирения у представителей мужского пола имеет некоторые дополнительные особенности. Представляется актуальным расширение представлений о гетерогенности у мальчиков-подростков за счет исследования гормональных показателей.</p></sec><sec><title>Цель работы</title><p>Цель работы. Изучение основных гормональных показателей мальчиков-подростков для оценки их гетерогенности на фоне ожирения.</p></sec><sec><title>Материалы и методы</title><p>Материалы и методы. Обследованы 84 подростка в возрасте 14-17 лет: 57 с ожирением (код Е66.0, МКБ-10) и 27 здоровых. Антропометрическое обследование включало измерение роста, массы тела, расчет показателя индекса массы тела и его оценку. Определялись уровни кисспептина, тестостерона, лютеинизирующего и фолликулостимулирующего гормонов. Кластерный анализ проводился методом k-средних на основе алгоритма Хартигана – Вонга.</p></sec><sec><title>Результаты</title><p>Результаты. Получены 4 кластера наблюдений. Для первого были характерны сохранная центральная стимуляция с отсутствием периферического эффекта. Для второго – наиболее физиологические взаимоотношения уровней гормонов: умеренные уровни лютеинизирующего и фолликулостимулирующего и высокий уровень тестостерона на фоне медианного значения кисспептина. В третьем уровни лютеинизирующего и фолликулостимулирующего гормонов были ниже, а уровень кисспептина – выше медианы (гипоталамическая гиперстимуляция), тестостерон ниже медианы. Для четвертого было характерно отсутствие как стимуляции, так и эффекта. Большинство детей контрольной группы относились ко второму, наиболее благоприятному кластеру. Отнесение пациентов к любому кластеру по сравнению со вторым было значимым предиктором отклонения взаимоотношений гормонов от нормы.</p></sec><sec><title>Заключение</title><p>Заключение. Уровни кисспептина, лютеинизирующего и фолликулостимулирующего гормонов, а также тестостерона гетерогенны и зависят как от выраженности отклонения от медианы индекса массы тела, так и от возраста.</p></sec></abstract><trans-abstract xml:lang="en"><sec><title>Background</title><p>Background. Obesity is a multifactorial disease caused both by internal and external factors. Adolescents are more vulnerable to external risk factors and are more likely to be obese. The incidence of obesity is growing worldwide. Patients having obesity due to excessive calorie consumption are now considered to be a heterogeneity group in terms of eating behavior, emotional status and sleep quality. The obesity clinical pattern in males is quite distinctive. Thus, it was reasonable to expand our knowledge of obesity heterogeneity in terms of sex hormone levels in adolescent boys.</p></sec><sec><title>Objective</title><p>Objective. The study was aimed to examine the heterogeneity of gonadal axis hormones in adolescent boys with obesity using cluster analysis.</p></sec><sec><title>Materials and methods</title><p>Materials and methods. The study involved 84 adolescents aged 14-17 years: 57 with obesity (code E66.0, ICD-10) and 27 practically healthy individuals. The anthropometrics included weight and height measurement and body mass index evaluation. Kisspeptin, testosterone, luteinizing (LH) and follicle-stimulating (FSH) hormones levels were determined. The k-means cluster analysis was used utilizing the Hartigan-Wong algorithm.</p></sec><sec><title>Results</title><p>Results. four clusters of observations were identified. The first cluster can be described as intact central stimulation with impaired peripherical effect. The second one was the reflection of the normal hormonal status showing median level of kisspeptin, physiological levels of LH and FSH and high level of testosterone. The third cluster showed central hyperstimulation pattern followed by lower levels of testosterone. The fourth cluster had no signs of both stimulation and effect. The majority of clinically healthy children belonged to the second, "normal" cluster. Assigning patients to any cluster compared to the second one was a significant predictor of hormones levels abnormality.</p></sec><sec><title>Conclusion</title><p>Conclusion. Kisspeptin, testosterone, LH and FSH levels showed heterogeneity and were associated both with BMI deviation and age.</p></sec></trans-abstract><kwd-group xml:lang="ru"><kwd>кластерный анализ</kwd><kwd>ожирение</kwd><kwd>половые гормоны</kwd><kwd>подростки</kwd><kwd>кисспептин</kwd></kwd-group><kwd-group xml:lang="en"><kwd>cluster analysis</kwd><kwd>obesity</kwd><kwd>hormones</kwd><kwd>adolescents</kwd><kwd>gonadal axis</kwd><kwd>kisspeptin</kwd></kwd-group></article-meta></front><back><ref-list><title>References</title><ref id="cit1"><label>1</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Никитина И. Л. Ожирение у детей и подростков: проблема, пути решения. Обзор российских и международных рекомендаций. Лечащий врач. 2018; 1: 31.</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Nikitina I. L. Obesity in children and adolescents: problem, solutions. Review of Russian and international recommendations. Lechaschi Vrach. 2018; 1: 31. (In Russ.)</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="cit2"><label>2</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Nikitina I. L., Vtornikova N. I., Kelmanson I. A. Clinical heterogeneity of sleep quality, emotional and behavioral characteristics, and eating habits in adolescents with obesity: A cluster analysis. European Journal of Pediatrics. 2024; 4 (183): 1571-1584.</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Nikitina I. L., Vtornikova N. I., Kelmanson I. A. Clinical heterogeneity of sleep quality, emotional and behavioral characteristics, and eating habits in adolescents with obesity: A cluster analysis. European Journal of Pediatrics. 2024; 4 (183): 1571-1584.</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="cit3"><label>3</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Никитина И. Л., Тодиева А. М., Каронова Т. Л., и др. Ожирение у детей и подростков: особенности фенотипа, ассоциация с компонентами метаболического синдрома. Вопросы детской диетологии. 2012; 5 (10): 23-30.</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Nikitina I. L., Todieva A. M., Karonova T. L., et al. Obesity in children and adolescents: peculiarities of phenotype, association with components of metabolic syndrome. Voprosy detskoi dietologii. 2012; 5 (10): 23-30. (In Russ.)</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="cit4"><label>4</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Вторникова Н. И., Никитина И. Л., Кельмансон И. А. Гетерогенность метаболических фенотипов у мальчиков-подростков с экзогенно-конституциональной формой ожирения. Экспериментальная и клиническая гастроэнтерология. 2024; (6): 20-30.</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Vtornikova N. I., Nikitina I. L., Kelmanson I. A. Heterogeneity of metabolic phenotypes in adolescent boys with exogenous-constitutional form of obesity. Eksperimental'naya i klinicheskaya gastroenterologiya. 2024; (6): 20-30. (In Russ.)</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="cit5"><label>5</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Pereira A., Busch A. S., Solares F., Baier I., Corvalan C., Mericq V. Total and Central Adiposity Are Associated With Age at Gonadarche and Incidence of Precocious Gonadarche in Boys. The Journal of Clinical Endocrinology &amp; Metabolism. 2021; 5 (106): 1352-1361.</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Pereira A., Busch A. S., Solares F., Baier I., Corvalan C., Mericq V. Total and Central Adiposity Are Associated With Age at Gonadarche and Incidence of Precocious Gonadarche in Boys. The Journal of Clinical Endocrinology &amp; Metabolism. 2021; 5 (106): 1352-1361.</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="cit6"><label>6</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Shalitin S., Gat-Yablonski G. Associations of Obesity with Linear Growth and Puberty. Hormone Research in Paediatrics. 2021; 2 (95): 120-136.</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Shalitin S., Gat-Yablonski G. Associations of Obesity with Linear Growth and Puberty. Hormone Research in Paediatrics. 2021; 2 (95): 120-136.</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="cit7"><label>7</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Tomova A. Body Weight and Puberty. Puberty: Physiology and Abnormalities. Kumanov P., Agarwal A. Cham: Springer International Publishing, 2016. Р. 95-108.</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Tomova A. Body Weight and Puberty. Puberty: Physiology and Abnormalities. Kumanov P., Agarwal A. Cham: Springer International Publishing, 2016. Р. 95-108.</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="cit8"><label>8</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Tomova A., Robeva R., Kumanov P. Influence of the body weight on the onset and progression of puberty in boys. J Pediatr Endocrinol Metab. 2015; 7-8 (28): 859-865.</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Tomova A., Robeva R., Kumanov P. Influence of the body weight on the onset and progression of puberty in boys. J Pediatr Endocrinol Metab. 2015; 7-8 (28): 859-865.</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="cit9"><label>9</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Reinehr T., Roth C. L. Is there a causal relationship between obesity and puberty? The Lancet Child &amp; Adolescent Health. 2019; 1 (30): 44-54.</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Reinehr T., Roth C. L. Is there a causal relationship between obesity and puberty? The Lancet Child &amp; Adolescent Health. 2019; 1 (30): 44-54.</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="cit10"><label>10</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Carrageta D. F., Oliveira P. F., Alves M. G., Monteiro M. P. Obesity and male hypogonadism: Tales of a vicious cycle. Obes Rev. 2019; 8 (20) 1148-1158.</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Carrageta D. F., Oliveira P. F., Alves M. G., Monteiro M. P. Obesity and male hypogonadism: Tales of a vicious cycle. Obes Rev. 2019; 8 (20) 1148-1158.</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="cit11"><label>11</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">McPherson N. O., Lane M. Male obesity and subfertility, is it really about increased adiposity? Asian J Androl. 2015; 3 (17): 450-458.</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">McPherson N. O., Lane M. Male obesity and subfertility, is it really about increased adiposity? Asian J Androl. 2015; 3 (17): 450-458.</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="cit12"><label>12</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Ameratunga D., Gebeh A., Amoako A. Obesity and male infertility. Best Practice &amp; Research Clinical Obstetrics &amp; Gynaecology. 2023; (90): 102393.</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Ameratunga D., Gebeh A., Amoako A. Obesity and male infertility. Best Practice &amp; Research Clinical Obstetrics &amp; Gynaecology. 2023; (90): 102393.</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="cit13"><label>13</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Hassan M. M., Sarry Eldin A. M., Musa N., El-Wakil K. H., Ali M., Ahmed H. H. Insights into the implication of obesity in hypogonadism among adolescent boys. J Pediatr Endocrinol Metab. 2022; 12 (35): 1497-1504.</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Hassan M. M., Sarry Eldin A. M., Musa N., El-Wakil K. H., Ali M., Ahmed H. H. Insights into the implication of obesity in hypogonadism among adolescent boys. J Pediatr Endocrinol Metab. 2022; 12 (35): 1497-1504.</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="cit14"><label>14</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Vandewalle S., De Schepper J., Kaufman J. M. Androgens and obesity in male adolescents. Curr Opin Endocrinol Diabetes Obes. 2015; 3 (22): 230-237.</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Vandewalle S., De Schepper J., Kaufman J. M. Androgens and obesity in male adolescents. Curr Opin Endocrinol Diabetes Obes. 2015; 3 (22): 230-237.</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="cit15"><label>15</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Vandewalle S., Taes Y., Fiers T., Van Helvoirt M., Debode P., Herregods N., Ernst C., Van Caenegem E., Roggen I., Verhelle F., De Schepper J., Kaufman J. M. Sex steroids in relation to sexual and skeletal maturation in obese male adolescents. J Clin Endocrinol Metab. 2014; 8 (99): 2977-2985.</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Vandewalle S., Taes Y., Fiers T., Van Helvoirt M., Debode P., Herregods N., Ernst C., Van Caenegem E., Roggen I., Verhelle F., De Schepper J., Kaufman J. M. Sex steroids in relation to sexual and skeletal maturation in obese male adolescents. J Clin Endocrinol Metab. 2014; 8 (99): 2977-2985.</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="cit16"><label>16</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Rasouli M. A., Dumesic D. A., Singhal V. Male infertility and obesity. Current Opinion in Endocrinology, Diabetes and Obesity. 2024.</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Rasouli M. A., Dumesic D. A., Singhal V. Male infertility and obesity. Current Opinion in Endocrinology, Diabetes and Obesity. 2024.</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="cit17"><label>17</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Genchi V. A., Rossi E., Lauriola C., D’Oria R., Palma G., Borrelli A., Caccioppoli C., Giorgino F., Cignarelli A. Adipose Tissue Dysfunction and Obesity-Related Male Hypogonadism. International Journal of Molecular Sciences. 2022.</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Genchi V. A., Rossi E., Lauriola C., D’Oria R., Palma G., Borrelli A., Caccioppoli C., Giorgino F., Cignarelli A. Adipose Tissue Dysfunction and Obesity-Related Male Hypogonadism. International Journal of Molecular Sciences. 2022.</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="cit18"><label>18</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Freitas R. D. d. V., Nunes M., Tesser R. B., de Oliva S. U. Obesity, sexual maturation and male reproduction. Seven Editora. 2023: 474-490.</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Freitas R. D. d. V., Nunes M., Tesser R. B., de Oliva S. U. Obesity, sexual maturation and male reproduction. Seven Editora. 2023: 474-490.</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="cit19"><label>19</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Nieuwenhuis D., Pujol-Gualdo N., Arnoldussen I. A., Kiliaan A. J. J. O. r. Adipokines: A gear shift in puberty. 2020; 6 (21): e13005.</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Nieuwenhuis D., Pujol-Gualdo N., Arnoldussen I. A., Kiliaan A. J. J. O. r. Adipokines: A gear shift in puberty. 2020; 6 (21): e13005.</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="cit20"><label>20</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Argente J., Dunkel L., Kaiser U. B., Latronico A. C., Lomniczi A., Soriano-Guillén L., Tena-Sempere M. Molecular basis of normal and pathological puberty: from basic mechanisms to clinical implications. The Lancet Diabetes &amp; Endocrinology. 2023; 3 (11): 203-216.</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Argente J., Dunkel L., Kaiser U. B., Latronico A. C., Lomniczi A., Soriano-Guillén L., Tena-Sempere M. Molecular basis of normal and pathological puberty: from basic mechanisms to clinical implications. The Lancet Diabetes &amp; Endocrinology. 2023; 3 (11): 203-216.</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="cit21"><label>21</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Zhang L.-D., Li H.-C., Gao M., Wang L., Deng Q., Shi T., He J.-L., Chong T., Wang Z.-M. [Sexual development characteristics and sex hormone levels in obese male adolescents]. Zhonghua nan ke xue = National journal of andrology. 2013; 5 (19): 434-438.</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Zhang L.-D., Li H.-C., Gao M., Wang L., Deng Q., Shi T., He J.-L., Chong T., Wang Z.-M. [Sexual development characteristics and sex hormone levels in obese male adolescents]. Zhonghua nan ke xue = National journal of andrology. 2013; 5 (19): 434-438.</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="cit22"><label>22</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Oyedokun P. A., Akangbe M. A., Akhigbe T. M., Akhigbe R. E. Regulatory Involvement of Kisspeptin in Energy Balance and Reproduction. Cell Biochemistry and Biophysics. 2024.10.1007/s12013-024-01537-w.</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Oyedokun P. A., Akangbe M. A., Akhigbe T. M., Akhigbe R. E. Regulatory Involvement of Kisspeptin in Energy Balance and Reproduction. Cell Biochemistry and Biophysics. 2024.10.1007/s12013-024-01537-w.</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="cit23"><label>23</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Mills E. G., Izzi-Engbeaya C., Abbara A., Comninos A. N., Dhillo W. S. Functions of galanin, spexin and kisspeptin in metabolism, mood and behaviour. Nature Reviews Endocrinology. 2021; 2 (17): 97-113.</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Mills E. G., Izzi-Engbeaya C., Abbara A., Comninos A. N., Dhillo W. S. Functions of galanin, spexin and kisspeptin in metabolism, mood and behaviour. Nature Reviews Endocrinology. 2021; 2 (17): 97-113.</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="cit24"><label>24</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Navarro V. M. Metabolic regulation of kisspeptin – the link between energy balance and reproduction. Nature Reviews Endocrinology. 2020; 8 (16): 407-420.</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Navarro V. M. Metabolic regulation of kisspeptin – the link between energy balance and reproduction. Nature Reviews Endocrinology. 2020; 8 (16): 407-420.</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="cit25"><label>25</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Bruno C., Vergani E., Giusti M., Oliva A., Cipolla C., Pitocco D., Mancini A. The "Adipo-Cerebral" Dialogue in Childhood Obesity: Focus on Growth and Puberty. Physiopathological and Nutritional Aspects. Nutrients. 2021.</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Bruno C., Vergani E., Giusti M., Oliva A., Cipolla C., Pitocco D., Mancini A. The "Adipo-Cerebral" Dialogue in Childhood Obesity: Focus on Growth and Puberty. Physiopathological and Nutritional Aspects. Nutrients. 2021.</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="cit26"><label>26</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Hudson A. D., Kauffman A. S. Metabolic actions of kisspeptin signaling: Effects on body weight, energy expenditure, and feeding. Pharmacology &amp; Therapeutics. 2022; 231: 107974.</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Hudson A. D., Kauffman A. S. Metabolic actions of kisspeptin signaling: Effects on body weight, energy expenditure, and feeding. Pharmacology &amp; Therapeutics. 2022; 231: 107974.</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="cit27"><label>27</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">George J. T., Millar R. P., Anderson R. A. Hypothesis: Kisspeptin Mediates Male Hypogonadism in Obesity and Type 2 Diabetes. Neuroendocrinology. 2010; 4 (91): 302-307.</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">George J. T., Millar R. P., Anderson R. A. Hypothesis: Kisspeptin Mediates Male Hypogonadism in Obesity and Type 2 Diabetes. Neuroendocrinology. 2010; 4 (91): 302-307.</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="cit28"><label>28</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Armeni E. Male hypogonadism in overweight and obesity. Metab Target Organ Damage. 2023; 2 (3): 9.</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Armeni E. Male hypogonadism in overweight and obesity. Metab Target Organ Damage. 2023; 2 (3): 9.</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="cit29"><label>29</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Sitticharoon C., Mutirangura P., Chinachoti T., Iamaroon A., Triyasunant N., Churintaraphan M., Keadkraichaiwat I., Maikaew P., Sririwichitchai R. Associations of serum kisspeptin levels with metabolic and reproductive parameters in men. Peptides. 2021; 135: 170433.</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Sitticharoon C., Mutirangura P., Chinachoti T., Iamaroon A., Triyasunant N., Churintaraphan M., Keadkraichaiwat I., Maikaew P., Sririwichitchai R. Associations of serum kisspeptin levels with metabolic and reproductive parameters in men. Peptides. 2021; 135: 170433.</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="cit30"><label>30</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Sithinamsuwan K., Mahachoklertwattana P., Wankanit S., Chanprasertyothin S., Pongratanakul S., Khlairit P., Poomthavorn P. Serum Kisspeptin and Its Relation to Metabolic Parameters and Glucose Metabolism in Prepubertal and Pubertal Obese Children. International Journal of Endocrinology. 2020; 1 (2020): 8826401.</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Sithinamsuwan K., Mahachoklertwattana P., Wankanit S., Chanprasertyothin S., Pongratanakul S., Khlairit P., Poomthavorn P. Serum Kisspeptin and Its Relation to Metabolic Parameters and Glucose Metabolism in Prepubertal and Pubertal Obese Children. International Journal of Endocrinology. 2020; 1 (2020): 8826401.</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="cit31"><label>31</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Faul F., Erdfelder E., Lang A. G., Buchner A. G. Power 3: a f lexible statistical power analysis program for the social, behavioral, and biomedical sciences. Behav Res Methods. 2007; 2 (39): 175-191.</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Faul F., Erdfelder E., Lang A. G., Buchner A. G. Power 3: a f lexible statistical power analysis program for the social, behavioral, and biomedical sciences. Behav Res Methods. 2007; 2 (39): 175-191.</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="cit32"><label>32</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Marshall W. A., Tanner J. M. Variations in the Pattern of Pubertal Changes in Boys. Archives of Disease in Childhood. 1970; 239 (45): 13.</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Marshall W. A., Tanner J. M. Variations in the Pattern of Pubertal Changes in Boys. Archives of Disease in Childhood. 1970; 239 (45): 13.</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="cit33"><label>33</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Van der Maaten L., Hinton G. Visualizing data using t-SNE. Journal of machine learning research. 2008; 11 (9): 2579-2605.</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Van der Maaten L., Hinton G. Visualizing data using t-SNE. Journal of machine learning research. 2008; 11 (9): 2579-2605.</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="cit34"><label>34</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Dalmaijer E. S., Nord C. L., Astle D. E. Statistical power for cluster analysis. BMC Bioinformatics. 2022; 1 (23): 205.</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Dalmaijer E. S., Nord C. L., Astle D. E. Statistical power for cluster analysis. BMC Bioinformatics. 2022; 1 (23): 205.</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="cit35"><label>35</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">The essential guide to effect sizes: Statistical power, meta-analysis, and the interpretation of research results. Ellis P. D. ‒ Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 2010.</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">The essential guide to effect sizes: Statistical power, meta-analysis, and the interpretation of research results. Ellis P. D. ‒ Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 2010.</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="cit36"><label>36</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">The jamovi project (2022). jamovi. (Version 2.3) [Computer software]. Retrieved from https://www.jamovi.org. Book The jamovi project (2022). jamovi. (Version 2.3) [Computer software]. Retrieved from https://www.jamovi.org. / Editor.</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">The jamovi project (2022). jamovi. (Version 2.3) [Computer software]. Retrieved from https://www.jamovi.org. Book The jamovi project (2022). jamovi. (Version 2.3) [Computer software]. Retrieved from https://www.jamovi.org. / Editor.</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="cit37"><label>37</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">JASP Team (2020). JASP (Version 0.14.1)[Computer software].</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">JASP Team (2020). JASP (Version 0.14.1)[Computer software].</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="cit38"><label>38</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Padilla O., Abadie J. Нормальные лабораторные показатели. 2021. URL: https://www.msdmanuals.com/ru-ru/professional/ресурсы/нормальные-лабораторные-показатели/нормальные-лабораторные-показатели2021).</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Padilla O., Abadie J. Нормальные лабораторные показатели. 2021. URL: https://www.msdmanuals.com/ru-ru/professional/ресурсы/нормальные-лабораторные-показатели/нормальные-лабораторные-показатели2021).</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="cit39"><label>39</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Mancini M., Pecori Giraldi F., Andreassi A., Mantellassi G., Salvioni M., Berra C. C., Manfrini R., Banderali G., Folli F. Obesity Is Strongly Associated With Low Testosterone and Reduced Penis Growth During Development. The Journal of Clinical Endocrinology &amp; Metabolism. 2021; 11 (106): 3151-3159.</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Mancini M., Pecori Giraldi F., Andreassi A., Mantellassi G., Salvioni M., Berra C. C., Manfrini R., Banderali G., Folli F. Obesity Is Strongly Associated With Low Testosterone and Reduced Penis Growth During Development. The Journal of Clinical Endocrinology &amp; Metabolism. 2021; 11 (106): 3151-3159.</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="cit40"><label>40</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Reinehr T., Kulle A., Barth A., Ackermann J., Lass N., Holterhus P.-M. Sex Hormone Profile in Pubertal Boys With Gynecomastia and Pseudogynecomastia. The Journal of Clinical Endocrinology &amp; Metabolism. 2020; 4 (105): e1025-e1032.</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Reinehr T., Kulle A., Barth A., Ackermann J., Lass N., Holterhus P.-M. Sex Hormone Profile in Pubertal Boys With Gynecomastia and Pseudogynecomastia. The Journal of Clinical Endocrinology &amp; Metabolism. 2020; 4 (105): e1025-e1032.</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="cit41"><label>41</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Никитина И. Л., Юхлина Ю. Н., Саракаева Л. Р., Плаксина А. О., Байрамов А. А. Современная концепция нейроэндокринной и эпигенетической регуляции старта пубертата и полового развития. трансляционные исследования роли лиганд-рецепторной системы кисспептина KISS/KISS1R. Трансляционная медицина. 2020; 5 (7): 62-80.</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Nikitina I. L., Yukhlina Y. N., Sarakaeva L. R., Plaksina A. A. O., Bayramov A. A. Modern concept of neuroendocrine and epigenetic regulation of pubertal onset and sexual development. translational studies of the role of the kisspeptin ligand-receptor system KISS/KISS1R. Translyatsionnaya meditsina. 2020; 5 (7): 62-80. (In Russ.)</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="cit42"><label>42</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Zhu H. j., Li S. j., Pan H., Li N., Zhang D. x., Wang L. j., Yang H. b., Wu Q., Gong F. y. The Changes of Serum Leptin and Kisspeptin Levels in Chinese Children and Adolescents in Different Pubertal Stages. International Journal of Endocrinology. 2016; 1 (2016): 6790794.</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Zhu H. j., Li S. j., Pan H., Li N., Zhang D. x., Wang L. j., Yang H. b., Wu Q., Gong F. y. The Changes of Serum Leptin and Kisspeptin Levels in Chinese Children and Adolescents in Different Pubertal Stages. International Journal of Endocrinology. 2016; 1 (2016): 6790794.</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="cit43"><label>43</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Никитина И. Л., Юхлина Ю. Н., Васильева Е. Ю., Нагорная И. И. Кисспептиновые механизмы регуляции полового развития мальчиков: потенциал диагностики и терапии при задержке старта пубертата и гипогонадотропном гипогонадизме. Проблемы эндокринологии. 2018; 64 (5): 280-285.</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Nikitina I. L., Yukhlina Y. N., Vasilieva E. Yu. I. Kisspeptin mechanisms of regulation of sexual development of boys: the potential of diagnostics and therapy in delayed pubertal onset and hypogonadotropic hypogonadism. Problemy endokrinologii. 2018; 64 (5): 280-285. (In Russ.)</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="cit44"><label>44</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Attia A. M., Montaser B. A., Ellotf M. R. M. Study of the role of kisspeptin in constitutional delayed puberty in boys. Menoufia Medical Journal. 2020; 3 (33): 998-1002.</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Attia A. M., Montaser B. A., Ellotf M. R. M. Study of the role of kisspeptin in constitutional delayed puberty in boys. Menoufia Medical Journal. 2020; 3 (33): 998-1002.</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="cit45"><label>45</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Decroli E., Aprilia D., Kam A., Rahmadi A. Body mass index and total testosterone level in obese male pre-diabetic patients: correlation with homeostasis model assessment of insulin resistance. Bali Medical Journal. 2024; 1 (13): 427-430.</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Decroli E., Aprilia D., Kam A., Rahmadi A. Body mass index and total testosterone level in obese male pre-diabetic patients: correlation with homeostasis model assessment of insulin resistance. Bali Medical Journal. 2024; 1 (13): 427-430.</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="cit46"><label>46</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Tančić-Gajić M., Vukčević M., Ivović M., Marina L. V., Arizanović Z., Soldatović I., Stojanović M., Đogo A., Kendereški A., Vujović S. Obstructive Sleep Apnea Is Associated With Low Testosterone Levels in Severely Obese Men. Frontiers in Endocrinology. 2021; 12: 1-9.</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Tančić-Gajić M., Vukčević M., Ivović M., Marina L. V., Arizanović Z., Soldatović I., Stojanović M., Đogo A., Kendereški A., Vujović S. Obstructive Sleep Apnea Is Associated With Low Testosterone Levels in Severely Obese Men. Frontiers in Endocrinology. 2021; 12: 1-9.</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref></ref-list><fn-group><fn fn-type="conflict"><p>The authors declare that there are no conflicts of interest present.</p></fn></fn-group></back></article>
