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<article article-type="review-article" dtd-version="1.3" xmlns:mml="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" xmlns:xlink="http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink" xmlns:xsi="http://www.w3.org/2001/XMLSchema-instance" xml:lang="ru"><front><journal-meta><journal-id journal-id-type="publisher-id">lvrach</journal-id><journal-title-group><journal-title xml:lang="ru">Лечащий Врач</journal-title><trans-title-group xml:lang="en"><trans-title>Lechaschi Vrach</trans-title></trans-title-group></journal-title-group><issn pub-type="ppub">1560-5175</issn><issn pub-type="epub">2687-1181</issn><publisher><publisher-name>ООО «Издательство "Открытые системы"»</publisher-name></publisher></journal-meta><article-meta><article-id pub-id-type="doi">10.51793/OS.2025.28.4.001</article-id><article-id custom-type="elpub" pub-id-type="custom">lvrach-1383</article-id><article-categories><subj-group subj-group-type="heading"><subject>Research Article</subject></subj-group><subj-group subj-group-type="section-heading" xml:lang="ru"><subject>АЛЛЕРГОЛОГИЯ</subject></subj-group><subj-group subj-group-type="section-heading" xml:lang="en"><subject>ALLERGOLOGY</subject></subj-group></article-categories><title-group><article-title>Патогенетическое обоснование фармакотерапии аллергических заболеваний в общеврачебной практике</article-title><trans-title-group xml:lang="en"><trans-title>Pathogenetic rationale for pharmacotherapy of allergic diseases in general medical practice</trans-title></trans-title-group></title-group><contrib-group><contrib contrib-type="author" corresp="yes"><contrib-id contrib-id-type="orcid">https://orcid.org/0000-0003-3681-0067</contrib-id><name-alternatives><name name-style="eastern" xml:lang="ru"><surname>Суханов</surname><given-names>Д. С.</given-names></name><name name-style="western" xml:lang="en"><surname>Sukhanov</surname><given-names>D. S.</given-names></name></name-alternatives><bio xml:lang="ru"><p>Суханов Дмитрий Сергеевич - клинический фармаколог, д.м.н., доцент кафедры пропедевтики внутренних болезней.</p><p>194100, Санкт-Петербург, ул. Литовская, 2</p></bio><bio xml:lang="en"><p>Dmitriy S. Sukhanov - clinical pharmacologist, Dr. of Sci. (Med.), Associate Professor of the Department of Propaedeutics of Internal Diseases, Federal State Budgetary Educational Institution of Higher Education St. Petersburg State Pediatric Medical University of the Ministry of Health of the Russian Federation.</p><p>2 Litovskaya str., Saint Petersburg, 194100</p></bio><email xlink:type="simple">dmitriysukhanovl@mail.ru</email><xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff-1"/></contrib><contrib contrib-type="author" corresp="yes"><name-alternatives><name name-style="eastern" xml:lang="ru"><surname>Горюнова</surname><given-names>М. М.</given-names></name><name name-style="western" xml:lang="en"><surname>Goryunova</surname><given-names>M. M.</given-names></name></name-alternatives><bio xml:lang="ru"><p>Горюнова Марина Михайловна - аллерголог-иммунолог, педиатр, к.м.н., заведующая педиатрическим отделением детского поликлинического отделения № 3.</p><p>196143, Санкт-Петербург, ул. Орджоникидзе, 38</p></bio><bio xml:lang="en"><p>Marina M. Goryunova - allergist-immunologist, pediatrician, Cand. of Sci. (Med.), Head of the Pediatric Department of the Children's Outpatient Department № 31, St. Petersburg City Budgetary Healthcare Institution City Outpatient Clinic № 51.</p><p>38 Ordzhonikidze str., Saint Petersburg, 196143</p></bio><email xlink:type="simple">goryunov.marina@yandex.ru</email><xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff-2"/></contrib><contrib contrib-type="author" corresp="yes"><contrib-id contrib-id-type="orcid">https://orcid.org/0000-0003-0780-9913</contrib-id><name-alternatives><name name-style="eastern" xml:lang="ru"><surname>Алексеева</surname><given-names>Ю. С.</given-names></name><name name-style="western" xml:lang="en"><surname>Alexeeva</surname><given-names>Yu. S.</given-names></name></name-alternatives><bio xml:lang="ru"><p>Алексеева Юлия Сергеевна - аспирант кафедры фармакологии и клинической фармакологии, ассистент научно-образовательного центра молекулярных и клеточных технологий.</p><p>197022, Санкт-Петербург, ул. Профессора Попова, 14, лит. А</p></bio><bio xml:lang="en"><p>Yulia S. Alexeeva - PhD student of the Department of Pharmacology and Clinical Pharmacology, Assistant at the Scientific and Educational Center for Molecular and Cellular Technologies, Federal State Budgetary Educational Institution of Higher Education St. Petersburg State Chemical and Pharmaceutical University of the Ministry of Health of the Russian Federation.</p><p>14 lit. A Professora Popova str., Saint Petersburg, 197022</p></bio><email xlink:type="simple">julia-97alex22@yandex.ru</email><xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff-3"/></contrib></contrib-group><aff-alternatives id="aff-1"><aff xml:lang="ru"><institution>Санкт-Петербургский государственный педиатрический медицинский университет</institution><country>Россия</country></aff><aff xml:lang="en"><institution>St. Petersburg State Pediatric Medical University</institution><country>Russian Federation</country></aff></aff-alternatives><aff-alternatives id="aff-2"><aff xml:lang="ru"><institution>Городская поликлиника № 51</institution><country>Россия</country></aff><aff xml:lang="en"><institution>City Outpatient Clinic № 51</institution><country>Russian Federation</country></aff></aff-alternatives><aff-alternatives id="aff-3"><aff xml:lang="ru"><institution>Санкт-Петербургский государственный химико-фармацевтический университет</institution><country>Россия</country></aff><aff xml:lang="en"><institution>St. Petersburg State Chemical and Pharmaceutical University</institution><country>Russian Federation</country></aff></aff-alternatives><pub-date pub-type="collection"><year>2025</year></pub-date><pub-date pub-type="epub"><day>08</day><month>04</month><year>2025</year></pub-date><volume>0</volume><issue>4</issue><fpage>9</fpage><lpage>15</lpage><permissions><copyright-statement>Copyright &amp;#x00A9; Суханов Д.С., Горюнова М.М., Алексеева Ю.С., 2025</copyright-statement><copyright-year>2025</copyright-year><copyright-holder xml:lang="ru">Суханов Д.С., Горюнова М.М., Алексеева Ю.С.</copyright-holder><copyright-holder xml:lang="en">Sukhanov D.S., Goryunova M.M., Alexeeva Y.S.</copyright-holder><license xml:lang="ru" license-type="creative-commons-attribution" xlink:href="https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/" xlink:type="simple"><license-p>Данная работа распространяется под лицензией Creative Commons Attribution 4.0.</license-p></license><license xml:lang="en" license-type="creative-commons-attribution" xlink:href="https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/" xlink:type="simple"><license-p>This work is licensed under a Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 License.</license-p></license></permissions><self-uri xlink:href="https://journal.lvrach.ru/jour/article/view/1383">https://journal.lvrach.ru/jour/article/view/1383</self-uri><abstract><sec><title>Введение</title><p>Введение. Аллергические реакции занимают особое место среди многообразия нозологических форм, встречающихся в деятельности врача общей практики. В научном сообществе появляются все новые и новые подходы к классификации реакций иммуноопосредованной гиперчувствительности, лежащих в основе развития аллергических заболеваний. Выделение 9 реакций гиперчувствительности позволяет расширить имеющиеся представления о патогенезе аллергических заболеваний и вкладе каждого типа реакции в механизм их развития, позволяя осуществить персонализированный подход в терапии. Целью данной работы является повышение осведомленности врачей общей практики о патогенетических аспектах аллергии и подходах к оптимизации фармакотерапии для достижения лучших клинических результатов.</p></sec><sec><title>Результаты</title><p>Результаты. Основными задачами терапии аллергических заболеваний являются достижение контроля над заболеванием или уменьшение выраженности его клинических проявлений, снижение частоты обострений и риска развития осложнений, а также улучшение качества жизни пациентов. Стратегия лечения базируется на принципе ступенчатости – назначение необходимого объема патогенетически обоснованной фармакотерапии на основании исходной оценки тяжести заболевания с последующим переходом на ступень вниз или вверх с учетом терапевтического ответа (терапия step-down или step-up соответственно). Для достижения целей лечения используются препараты различных фармакологических групп, как улучшающие долгосрочный прогноз заболевания, так и позволяющие уменьшить выраженность его клинических симптомов без положительных отдаленных эффектов. Несмотря на различные клинические проявления наиболее частых аллергических/ атопических заболеваний, составляющих атопическую триаду, они имеют универсальные патогенетические механизмы, во многом связанные с иммунным ответом второго типа. Применение противовоспалительных препаратов, из которых ведущее место продолжают занимать глюкокортикоиды, является патогенетически обоснованной базисной терапией данных заболеваний, а использование лекарственных форм (ингаляционной, топической и интраназальной), обеспечивающих максимальную концентрацию в очаге воспаления при низком уровне в системном кровотоке, дополнительно повышает эффективность, минимизируя системные побочные эффекты. В то же время часто используемые в клинической практике блокаторы H1-рецепторов гистамина имеют ограниченное применение в терапии аллергических заболеваний и назначаются больным аллергическим ринитом, а также в ряде клинических ситуаций при атопическом дерматите.</p></sec><sec><title>Заключение</title><p>Заключение. В статье приведено патогенетическое обоснование терапии аллергических заболеваний на примере бронхиальной астмы и аллергического ринита на основании современных данных о типах реакций гиперчувствительности.</p></sec></abstract><trans-abstract xml:lang="en"><sec><title>Background</title><p>Background. Allergic reactions occupy a special place among the variety of nosological forms encountered in the activities of a general practitioner. In the scientific community, more and more new approaches to the classification of immune-mediated hypersensitivity reactions underlying the development of allergic diseases appear. The identification of 9 hypersensitivity reactions allows us to expand the existing understanding of the pathogenesis of allergic diseases and the contribution of each type of reaction to the mechanism of their development, allowing for a personalized approach to therapy. The aim of this work is to increase awareness of general practitioners about the pathogenetic aspects of allergy and approaches to optimizing pharmacotherapy to achieve better clinical results.</p></sec><sec><title>Results</title><p>Results. The main goals of therapy for allergic diseases are to achieve control over the disease or reduce the severity of its clinical manifestations, reduce the frequency of exacerbations and the risk of complications, and improve the quality of life of patients. The treatment strategy adheres to the stepwise principle – the appointment of the required volume of pathogenetically substantiated pharmacotherapy based on the initial assessment of the severity of the disease, followed by a step down or up, taking into account the therapeutic response (respectively, step-down or step-up therapy). To achieve the treatment goals, drugs of various pharmacological groups are used, both improving the long-term prognosis of the disease and reducing the severity of its clinical symptoms without positive long-term effects. Despite the various clinical manifestations of the most common allergic/atopic diseases that make up the "atopic triad", they have universal pathogenetic mechanisms largely associated with the second type of immune response. The use of anti-inflammatory drugs, of which glucocorticoids continue to occupy a leading place, is a pathogenetically substantiated basic therapy for these diseases, and the use of dosage forms (inhalation, topical and intranasal), providing maximum concentration in the inflammation site with a low level in the systemic bloodstream, additionally increases the effectiveness, minimizing systemic side effects. At the same time, histamine H1-receptor blockers, often used in clinical practice, have limited application in the therapy of allergic diseases and are used in the therapy of allergic rhinitis, as well as in a number of clinical situations with atopic dermatitis.</p></sec><sec><title>Conclusion</title><p>Conclusion. The article presents a pathogenetic rationale for the treatment of allergic diseases using bronchial asthma and allergic rhinitis as an example, based on modern data on the types of hypersensitivity reactions.</p></sec></trans-abstract><kwd-group xml:lang="ru"><kwd>аллергия</kwd><kwd>гиперчувствительность</kwd><kwd>глюкокортикоиды</kwd><kwd>бронхиальная астма</kwd><kwd>аллергический ринит</kwd></kwd-group><kwd-group xml:lang="en"><kwd>allergy</kwd><kwd>hypersensitivity</kwd><kwd>glucocorticoids</kwd><kwd>bronchial asthma</kwd><kwd>allergic rhinitis</kwd></kwd-group></article-meta></front><back><ref-list><title>References</title><ref id="cit1"><label>1</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Мерфи К., Уивер К. Иммунобиология по Джанвэю. Пер. с англ. Под ред. Г. А. Игнатьевой, О. А. Свитич, И. Н. Дьякова. М.: Логосфера, 2020. 1184 с.</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Murphy K., Weaver C. Janeway’s Immunology. Moscow: Logosfera, 2020. 1184 p. 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