<?xml version="1.0" encoding="UTF-8"?>
<!DOCTYPE article PUBLIC "-//NLM//DTD JATS (Z39.96) Journal Publishing DTD v1.3 20210610//EN" "JATS-journalpublishing1-3.dtd">
<article article-type="research-article" dtd-version="1.3" xmlns:mml="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" xmlns:xlink="http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink" xmlns:xsi="http://www.w3.org/2001/XMLSchema-instance" xml:lang="ru"><front><journal-meta><journal-id journal-id-type="publisher-id">lvrach</journal-id><journal-title-group><journal-title xml:lang="ru">Лечащий Врач</journal-title><trans-title-group xml:lang="en"><trans-title>Lechaschi Vrach</trans-title></trans-title-group></journal-title-group><issn pub-type="ppub">1560-5175</issn><issn pub-type="epub">2687-1181</issn><publisher><publisher-name></publisher-name></publisher></journal-meta><article-meta><article-id pub-id-type="doi">10.51793/OS.2025.28.3.008</article-id><article-id custom-type="elpub" pub-id-type="custom">lvrach-1372</article-id><article-categories><subj-group subj-group-type="heading"><subject>Research Article</subject></subj-group><subj-group subj-group-type="section-heading" xml:lang="ru"><subject>АКТУАЛЬНАЯ ТЕМА</subject></subj-group><subj-group subj-group-type="section-heading" xml:lang="en"><subject>TOPICAL THEME</subject></subj-group></article-categories><title-group><article-title>Особенности микробиома желудочно-кишечного тракта у больных COVID-19</article-title><trans-title-group xml:lang="en"><trans-title>Features of the microbiome of the gastrointestinal tract in patients with COVID-19</trans-title></trans-title-group></title-group><contrib-group><contrib contrib-type="author" corresp="yes"><contrib-id contrib-id-type="orcid">https://orcid.org/0000-0002-6081-1740</contrib-id><name-alternatives><name name-style="eastern" xml:lang="ru"><surname>Лазарева</surname><given-names>Е. Н.</given-names></name><name name-style="western" xml:lang="en"><surname>Lazareva</surname><given-names>E. N.</given-names></name></name-alternatives><bio xml:lang="ru"><p>Лазарева Елена Николаевна, д.м.н., ведущий сотрудник клинического отдела инфекционной патологии</p><p>111123, Москва, ул. Новогиреевская, 3а</p></bio><bio xml:lang="en"><p>Elena N. Lazareva, Dr. of Sci. (Med.), Senior Researcher, Clinical Department of Infectious Diseases</p><p>3a Novogireevskaya str., Moscow, 111123</p></bio><email xlink:type="simple">elniklazareva@yandex.ru</email><xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff-1"/></contrib><contrib contrib-type="author" corresp="yes"><contrib-id contrib-id-type="orcid">https://orcid.org/0000-0001-5748-178X</contrib-id><name-alternatives><name name-style="eastern" xml:lang="ru"><surname>Малеев</surname><given-names>В. В.</given-names></name><name name-style="western" xml:lang="en"><surname>Maleev</surname><given-names>V. V.</given-names></name></name-alternatives><bio xml:lang="ru"><p>Малеев Виктор Васильевич, д.м.н., профессор, академик РАН, советник директора по научной работе</p><p>111123, Москва, ул. Новогиреевская, 3а</p></bio><bio xml:lang="en"><p>Viktor V. Maleev, Dr. of Sci. (Med.), Professor, Academician of the Russian Academy of Sciences, Advisor to the Director of Scientific Work, Clinical Department of Infectious Diseases</p><p>3a Novogireevskaya str., Moscow, 111123</p></bio><email xlink:type="simple">maleyev@mail.ru</email><xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff-1"/></contrib><contrib contrib-type="author" corresp="yes"><contrib-id contrib-id-type="orcid">https://orcid.org/0000-0002-6539-4878</contrib-id><name-alternatives><name name-style="eastern" xml:lang="ru"><surname>Понежева</surname><given-names>Ж. Б.</given-names></name><name name-style="western" xml:lang="en"><surname>Ponezheva</surname><given-names>Zh. B.</given-names></name></name-alternatives><bio xml:lang="ru"><p>Понежева Жанна Бетовна, д.м.н., заведующая клиническим отделом инфекционной патологии</p><p>111123, Москва, ул. Новогиреевская, 3а</p></bio><bio xml:lang="en"><p>Zhanna B. Ponezheva, Dr. of Sci. (Med.), Head of the Clinical Department of Infectious Diseases</p><p>3a Novogireevskaya str., Moscow, 111123</p></bio><email xlink:type="simple">doktorim@mail.ru</email><xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff-1"/></contrib><contrib contrib-type="author" corresp="yes"><contrib-id contrib-id-type="orcid">https://orcid.org/0009-0009-5163-2861</contrib-id><name-alternatives><name name-style="eastern" xml:lang="ru"><surname>Швачкина</surname><given-names>Н. С.</given-names></name><name name-style="western" xml:lang="en"><surname>Shvachkina</surname><given-names>N. S.</given-names></name></name-alternatives><bio xml:lang="ru"><p>Швачкина Наталья Сергеевна, инфекционист</p><p>105275, Москва, 8-я ул. Соколиной горы, 15</p></bio><bio xml:lang="en"><p>Natalya S. Shvachkina, Infectious diseases specialist</p><p>15 8th Sokolinaya Gora str., Moscow, 105275</p></bio><email xlink:type="simple">natalya.13.01.12@yandex.ru</email><xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff-2"/></contrib><contrib contrib-type="author" corresp="yes"><name-alternatives><name name-style="eastern" xml:lang="ru"><surname>Цветкова</surname><given-names>Н. А.</given-names></name><name name-style="western" xml:lang="en"><surname>Tsvetkova</surname><given-names>N. A.</given-names></name></name-alternatives><bio xml:lang="ru"><p>Цветкова Наталья Александровна, заместитель главного врача по медицинской части</p><p>105275, Москва, 8-я ул. Соколиной горы, 15</p></bio><bio xml:lang="en"><p>Natalya A. Tsvetkova, Deputy Chief Physician for the Medical Department</p><p>15 8th Sokolinaya Gora str., Moscow, 105275</p></bio><email xlink:type="simple">TsvetkovaNA@zdrav.mos.ru</email><xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff-2"/></contrib></contrib-group><aff-alternatives id="aff-1"><aff xml:lang="ru"><institution>Центральный научно-исследовательский институт эпидемиологии</institution><country>Россия</country></aff><aff xml:lang="en"><institution>Central Research Institute of Epidemiology</institution><country>Russian Federation</country></aff></aff-alternatives><aff-alternatives id="aff-2"><aff xml:lang="ru"><institution>Инфекционная клиническая больница № 2 Департамента здравоохранения города Москвы</institution><country>Россия</country></aff><aff xml:lang="en"><institution>Infectious Diseases Clinical Hospital No. 2 of the Department of Health of the Сity of Moscow</institution><country>Russian Federation</country></aff></aff-alternatives><pub-date pub-type="collection"><year>2025</year></pub-date><pub-date pub-type="epub"><day>11</day><month>03</month><year>2025</year></pub-date><volume>0</volume><issue>3</issue><fpage>51</fpage><lpage>57</lpage><permissions><copyright-statement>Copyright &amp;#x00A9; Лазарева Е.Н., Малеев В.В., Понежева Ж.Б., Швачкина Н.С., Цветкова Н.А., 2025</copyright-statement><copyright-year>2025</copyright-year><copyright-holder xml:lang="ru">Лазарева Е.Н., Малеев В.В., Понежева Ж.Б., Швачкина Н.С., Цветкова Н.А.</copyright-holder><copyright-holder xml:lang="en">Lazareva E.N., Maleev V.V., Ponezheva Z.B., Shvachkina N.S., Tsvetkova N.A.</copyright-holder><license xml:lang="ru" license-type="creative-commons-attribution" xlink:href="https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/" xlink:type="simple"><license-p>Данная работа распространяется под лицензией Creative Commons Attribution 4.0.</license-p></license><license xml:lang="en" license-type="creative-commons-attribution" xlink:href="https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/" xlink:type="simple"><license-p>This work is licensed under a Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 License.</license-p></license></permissions><self-uri xlink:href="https://journal.lvrach.ru/jour/article/view/1372">https://journal.lvrach.ru/jour/article/view/1372</self-uri><abstract><sec><title>Введение</title><p>Введение. Для COVID-19 характерна мультиморбидность с поражением не только органов дыхания, но и сердечно-сосудистой, мочевыделительной и нервной систем и желудочно-кишечного тракта. Клинические симптомы заболевания объединены в гастроинтестинальный синдром, регистрируемый в 30-79% случаев. При этом начало болезни может сопровождаться диареей у 50% пациентов и как сочетаться с катаральными явлениями со стороны носоглотки, так и предшествовать им. Цель работы. Оценить особенности микробиоты кишечника у больных COVID-19, в том числе при поражении желудочнокишечного тракта.</p></sec><sec><title>Материалы и методы</title><p>Материалы и методы. У 85 больных с диагнозом «новая коронавирусная инфекция» оценили количественный состав микробиоты кишечника по числу копий микроорганизмов, выявленных методом полимеразной цепной реакции с применением тест-системы ЭНТЕРОФЛОР.</p></sec><sec><title>Результаты</title><p>Результаты. Исследование структурного состава микробиома кишечника показало, что у пациентов с диареей наблюдается статистически значимое превышение числа копий Bifidobacterium longum subsp. infantis, Bifidobacterium longum subsp. longum и Bifidobacterium breve на фоне снижения Bifidobacterium spp., Bifidobacterium adolescentis, Bifidobacterium bifidum и Bifidobacterium сatenulatum. Из представителей грамотрицательных комменсалов активность проявляли Butyricimonas spp. Среди условнопатогенной и патогенной флоры отмечали возрастание числа копий Enterobateriaceae преимущественно у больных с диарей. У них же чаще идентифицировали штаммы Staphylococcus aureus с геном резистентности mecA и Clostridium dificile с генами сdtA и cdtB. Была установлена прямая корреляционная связь между C. dificile и Butyricimonas spр., а также обратная – между B. сatenulatum и C. dificile сdtA и cdtB и между Bifidobacterium spp. и S. aureus mecA.</p></sec><sec><title>Заключение</title><p>Заключение. Среди комменсалов наблюдается уменьшение грамположительных в пользу грамотрицательных микроорганизмов. Снижение B. adolescentis и полное отсутствие B. bifidum и B. catenulatum у больных COVID-19 с диареей указывает на формирование воспалительных процессов в кишечнике. Переход на аэробный метаболизм позволяет Enterobateriaceae получать конкурентное преимущество по отношению к полезным облигатным анаэробам с ростом штаммов, содержащих гены резистентности.</p></sec></abstract><trans-abstract xml:lang="en"><sec><title>Background</title><p>Background. COVID-19 is characterised by multimorbidity with involvement of not only respiratory organs, but also cardiovascular, urinary and nervous systems and gastrointestinal tract. Clinical symptoms of the disease are united in the gastrointestinal syndrome, registered in 30-79% of cases. The onset of the disease may be accompanied by diarrhoea in 50% of patients and may be combined with or preceded by nasopharyngeal catarrhal symptoms.</p></sec><sec><title>Objective</title><p>Objective. To evaluate the features of the intestinal microbiota in patients with COVID-19, including those affected by the gastrointestinal tract.</p></sec><sec><title>Materials and methods</title><p>Materials and methods. In 85 patients diagnosed with a new coronavirus infection, the quantitative composition of the intestinal microbiota was assessed by the number of copies of microorganisms detected by PCR using the ENTEROFLOR test system.</p></sec><sec><title>Results</title><p>Results. A study of the structural composition of the intestinal microbiome has shown that patients with diarrhea have a statistically significant excess of copies of B. longum subsp. infantis, Bif. longum subsp. longum and B. breve against the background of a decrease in Bifidobacterium spp., B. adolescentis, B. bifidum and B. senulatum. Of the representatives of gram-negative commensals, Butyricimonas spp. was active. Among the opportunistic and pathogenic flora, an increase in the number of copies of Enterobateriaceae was noted, mainly in patients with diarrhea. They also more often identified S. aureus strains with mecA and C. dificile with resistance genes cdtA and сdtB. A direct correlation was established between C. dificile and Butyricimonas spp., as well as an inverse correlation between B. catenulatum and C. dificile cdtA and сdtB, and between Bifidobacterium spp. and S. aureus mecA.</p></sec><sec><title>Conclusion</title><p>Conclusion. There is a decrease in gram-positive microorganisms among the commensals in favor of gram-negative microorganisms. Reduction of B. adolescentis and complete absence of B. bifidum and B. catenulatum in COVID-19 patients with diarrhea indicate the formation of inflammatory processes in the intestine. The transition to aerobic metabolism allows Enterobateriaceae to compete with beneficial obligate anaerobes, with the growth of strains containing resistance genes.</p></sec></trans-abstract><kwd-group xml:lang="ru"><kwd>микробиота кишечника</kwd><kwd>COVID-19</kwd><kwd>диарея</kwd><kwd>комменсалы</kwd><kwd>ген резистентности</kwd></kwd-group><kwd-group xml:lang="en"><kwd>intestinal microbiota</kwd><kwd>COVID-19</kwd><kwd>diarrhea</kwd><kwd>commensals</kwd><kwd>resistance gene</kwd></kwd-group></article-meta></front><back><ref-list><title>References</title><ref id="cit1"><label>1</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Borges V., Isidro J., Cunha M., et al. Long-Term Evolution of SARS-CoV-2 in an Immunocompromised Patient with Non-Hodgkin Lymphoma. mSphere. 2021; 25: 6 (4): e0024421. DOI: 10.1128/mSphere.00244-21.</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Borges V., Isidro J., Cunha M., et al. LongTerm Evolution of SARS-CoV-2 in an Immunocompromised Patient with Non-Hodgkin Lymphoma. mSphere. 2021; 25: 6 (4): e0024421. DOI: 10.1128/mSphere.00244-21.</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="cit2"><label>2</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Ghafari M., Hall M., Golubchik T., et al. Prevalence of persistent SARS-CoV-2 in a large community surveillance stud. Nature. 2024; 626 (8001): 1094-1101. DOI: 10.1038/s41586-024-07029-4.</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Ghafari M., Hall M., Golubchik T., et al. Prevalence of persistent SARS-CoV-2 in a large community surveillance stud. Nature. 2024; 626 (8001): 1094-1101. DOI: 10.1038/s41586-024-07029-4.</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="cit3"><label>3</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">D’Amico F., Baumgart D. C., Danese S., PeyrinBiroulet L. Diarrhea During COVID-19 Infection: Pathogenesis, Epidemiology, Prevention, and Management. Clin Gastroenterol Hepatol. 2020; 18 (8): 1663-1672. DOI: 10.1016/j.cgh.2020.04.001. Epub 2020 Apr 8.</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">D’Amico F., Baumgart D. C., Danese S., PeyrinBiroulet L. Diarrhea During COVID-19 Infection: Pathogenesis, Epidemiology, Prevention, and Management. Clin Gastroenterol Hepatol. 2020; 18 (8): 1663-1672. DOI: 10.1016/j.cgh.2020.04.001. Epub 2020 Apr 8.</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="cit4"><label>4</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Лялюкова Е. А. Патогенез диареи у пациентов с COVID-19 и подходы к терапии. Лечащий Врач. 2022; (5-6): 77-83. DOI: 10.51793/OS.2022.25.6.014.</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Lyalyukova E. A. Pathogenesis of diarrhea in patients with COVID-19 and approaches to therapy. Lechaschi Vrach. 2022; (5-6): 77-83. (In Russ.) https://DOI.org/10.51793/OS.2022.25.6.014.</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="cit5"><label>5</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Ong J., Young B. E., Ong S. COVID-19 in gastroenterology: a clinical perspective. Gut. 2020; 69: 1144-1145. DOI: 10.1136/gutjnl-2020-321051.</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Ong J., Young B. E., Ong S. COVID-19 in gastroenterology: a clinical perspective. Gut. 2020; 69: 1144-1145. DOI: 10.1136/gutjnl-2020-321051.</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="cit6"><label>6</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Megyeri K., Dernovics Á., Al-Luhaibi Z. I. I., Rosztóczy A. COVID-19-associated diarrhea. World J Gastroenterol. 2021; 27 (23): 3208-3222. DOI: 10.3748/wjg.v27.i23.3208.</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Megyeri K., Dernovics Á., Al-Luhaibi Z. I. I., Rosztóczy A. COVID-19-associated diarrhea. World J Gastroenterol. 2021; 27 (23): 3208-3222. DOI: 10.3748/wjg.v27.i23.3208.</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="cit7"><label>7</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Guo Y., Luo R., Wang Y., et al. SARS-CoV-2 induced intestinal responses with a biomimetic human gut-on-chip. Sci Bull (Beijing). 2021; 66: 783-793. DOI: 10.1016/j.scib.2020.11.015.</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Guo Y., Luo R., Wang Y., et al. SARS-CoV-2 induced intestinal responses with a biomimetic human gut-on-chip. Sci Bull (Beijing). 2021; 66: 783-793. DOI: 10.1016/j.scib.2020.11.015.</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="cit8"><label>8</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Zhang J., Wang S., Xue Y. Fecal specimen diagnosis 2019 novel coronavirus-infected pneumonia. J. Med. Virol. 2020; 92: 680-682. DOI: 10.1002/jmv.25742.</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Zhang J., Wang S., Xue Y. Fecal specimen diagnosis 2019 novel coronavirus-infected pneumonia. J. Med. Virol. 2020; 92: 680-682. DOI: 10.1002/jmv.25742.</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="cit9"><label>9</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Huang Y., Mao K., Chen X., et al. S1P-dependent interorgan traffi cking of group 2 innate lymphoid cells supports host defense. Science. 2018; 359: 114-119.</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Huang Y., Mao K., Chen X., et al. S1P-dependent interorgan traffi cking of group 2 innate lymphoid cells supports host defense. Science. 2018; 359: 114-119.</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="cit10"><label>10</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Kılıç A. O., Akın F., Yazar A., et al. Zonulin and claudin-5 levels in multisystem inflammatory syndrome and SARS-CoV-2 infection in children. J Paediatr Child Health. 2022. DOI: 10.1111/jpc.16033.</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Kılıç A. O., Akın F., Yazar A., et al. Zonulin and claudin-5 levels in multisystem inflammatory syndrome and SARS-CoV-2 infection in children. J Paediatr Child Health. 2022. DOI: 10.1111/jpc.16033.</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="cit11"><label>11</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Zuo T., Zhang F., Lui G. C. Y., et al. Alterations in Gut Microbiota of Patients With COVID-19 During Time of Hospitalization. Gastroenterology. 2020; 159: 944-955. e8. DOI: 10.1053/j.gastro.2020.05.048.</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Zuo T., Zhang F., Lui G. C. Y., et al. Alterations in Gut Microbiota of Patients With COVID-19 During Time of Hospitalization. Gastroenterology. 2020; 159: 944-955. e8. DOI: 10.1053/j.gastro.2020.05.048.</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="cit12"><label>12</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Espín E., Yang C., Shannon C. P., et al. Cellular and molecular biomarkers of long COVID: a scoping review. EBioMedicine. 2023; 91: 104552. DOI: 10.1016/j.ebiom.2023.104552.</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Espín E., Yang C., Shannon C. P., et al. Cellular and molecular biomarkers of long COVID: a scoping review. EBioMedicine. 2023; 91: 104552. DOI: 10.1016/j.ebiom.2023.104552.</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="cit13"><label>13</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Hashimoto T., Perlot T., Rehman A., et al. ACE2 links amino acid malnutrition to microbial ecology and intestinal inflammation. Nature. 2012; 487: 477-481. DOI: 10.1038/nature11228.</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Hashimoto T., Perlot T., Rehman A., et al. ACE2 links amino acid malnutrition to microbial ecology and intestinal inflammation. Nature. 2012; 487: 477-481. DOI: 10.1038/nature11228.</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="cit14"><label>14</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Viana S. D., Nunes S., Reis F. ACE2 imbalance as a key player for the poor outcomes in COVID-19 patients with age-related comorbidities-role of gut microbiota dysbiosis. Ageing Res. Rev. 2020; 62: 101123. DOI: 10.1016/j.arr.2020.101123.</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Viana S. D., Nunes S., Reis F. ACE2 imbalance as a key player for the poor outcomes in COVID-19 patients with age-related comorbidities-role of gut microbiota dysbiosis. Ageing Res. Rev. 2020; 62: 101123. DOI: 10.1016/j.arr.2020.101123.</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="cit15"><label>15</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Reuben R. C., Beugnon R., Jurburg S. D. COVID-19 alters human microbiomes: a metaanalysis. Front Cell Infect Microbiol. 2023; 2 (13): 1211348. DOI: 10.3389/fcimb.2023.1211348.</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Reuben R. C., Beugnon R., Jurburg S. D. COVID-19 alters human microbiomes: a metaanalysis. Front Cell Infect Microbiol. 2023; 2 (13): 1211348. DOI: 10.3389/fcimb.2023.1211348.</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="cit16"><label>16</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Ivashkin V., Fomin V., Moiseev S., et al. Efficacy of a Probiotic Consisting of Lacticaseibacillus rhamnosus PDV 1705, Bifidobacterium bifidum PDV 0903, Bifidobacterium longum subsp. infantis PDV 1911, and Bifidobacterium longum subsp. longum PDV 2301 in the Treatment of Hospitalized Patients with COVID-19: a Randomized Controlled Trial. Probiotics Antimicrob Proteins. 2023; 15 (3): 460-468. DOI: 10.1007/s12602-021-09858-5.</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Ivashkin V., Fomin V., Moiseev S., et al. Efficacy of a Probiotic Consisting of Lacticaseibacillus rhamnosus PDV 1705, Bifidobacterium bifidum PDV 0903, Bifidobacterium longum subsp. infantis PDV 1911, and Bifidobacterium longum subsp. longum PDV 2301 in the Treatment of Hospitalized Patients with COVID-19: a Randomized Controlled Trial. Probiotics Antimicrob Proteins. 2023; 15 (3): 460-468. DOI: 10.1007/s12602-021-09858-5.</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="cit17"><label>17</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Ding S., Liang T. J. Is SARS-CoV-2 Also an Enteric Pathogen With Potential Fecal-Oral Transmission? A COVID-19 Virological and Clinical Review. Gastroenterology. 2020; 159: 53-61. DOI: 10.1053/j.gastro.2020.04.052.</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Ding S., Liang T. J. Is SARS-CoV-2 Also an Enteric Pathogen With Potential Fecal-Oral Transmission? A COVID-19 Virological and Clinical Review. Gastroenterology. 2020; 159: 53-61. DOI: 10.1053/j.gastro.2020.04.052.</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="cit18"><label>18</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Li J., Si H., Du H. et al. Comparison of gut microbiota structure and Actinobacteria abundances in healthy young adults and elderly subjects: a pilot study. BMC Microbiol. 2021; 21 (1): 1-10. https://DOI.org/10.1186/s12866-020-02068-z.</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Li J., Si H., Du H. et al. Comparison of gut microbiota structure and Actinobacteria abundances in healthy young adults and elderly subjects: a pilot study. BMC Microbiol. 2021; 21 (1): 1-10. https://DOI.org/10.1186/s12866-020-02068-z.</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="cit19"><label>19</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Li H., Stanton C., Ross R. P., et al. Exopolysaccharides Produced by Bifidobacterium longum subsp. longum YS108R Ameliorates DSS-Induced Ulcerative Colitis in Mice by Improving the Gut Barrier and Regulating the Gut Microbiota. J. Agric Food Chem. 2024; 3; 72 (13): 7055-7073. DOI: 10.1021/acs.jafc.3c06421.</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Li H., Stanton C., Ross R. P., et al. Exopolysaccharides Produced by Bifidobacterium longum subsp. longum YS108R Ameliorates DSS-Induced Ulcerative Colitis in Mice by Improving the Gut Barrier and Regulating the Gut Microbiota. J. Agric Food Chem. 2024; 3; 72 (13): 7055-7073. DOI: 10.1021/acs.jafc.3c06421.</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="cit20"><label>20</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Бельмер С. В. Факторы формирования кишечной микрофлоры: акцент на липиды. Лечащий Врач. 2023; 1 (26): 28-33. DOI: 10.51793/OS.2023.26.1.005.</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Belmer S. V. Intestinal microflora shaping factors: emphasis on lipids. Lechaschi Vrach. 2023; (1): 28-33. (In Russ.) https://DOI.org/10.51793/OS.2023.26.1.005.</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="cit21"><label>21</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Chichlowski M., Shah N., Wampler J. L., et al. Bifidobacterium longum Subspecies infantis (B. infantis) in Pediatric Nutrition: Current State of Knowledge. 2020; 12 (6): 1581. DOI: 10.3390/nu12061581.</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Chichlowski M., Shah N., Wampler J. L., et al. Bifidobacterium longum Subspecies infantis (B. infantis) in Pediatric Nutrition: Current State of Knowledge. 2020; 12 (6): 1581. DOI: 10.3390/nu12061581.</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="cit22"><label>22</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Hickey A., Stamou P., Udayan S., et al. Bifidobacterium breve Exopolysaccharide Blocks Dendritic Cell Maturation and Activation of CD4+ T Cells. Front Microbiol. 2021; 12: 653587. DOI: 10.3389/fmicb.2021.653587.</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Hickey A., Stamou P., Udayan S., et al. Bifidobacterium breve Exopolysaccharide Blocks Dendritic Cell Maturation and Activation of CD4+ T Cells. Front Microbiol. 2021; 12: 653587. DOI: 10.3389/fmicb.2021.653587.</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="cit23"><label>23</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Li Q., Li Y., Qiao Q., et al. Oral administration of Bifidobacterium breve improves anti-angiogenic drugs-derived oral mucosal wound healing impairment via upregulation of interleukin-10. Int J Oral Sci. 2023; 15 (1): 56. DOI: 10.1038/s41368-023-00263-y.</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Li Q., Li Y., Qiao Q., et al. Oral administration of Bifidobacterium breve improves anti-angiogenic drugs-derived oral mucosal wound healing impairment via upregulation of interleukin-10. Int J Oral Sci. 2023; 15 (1): 56. DOI: 10.1038/s41368-023-00263-y.</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="cit24"><label>24</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Leser T., Baker A. Bifidobacterium adolescentis – a beneficial microbe. Benef microbes. 2023; 14 (6): 525-551.DOI: 10.1163/18762891-20230030.</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Leser T., Baker A. Bifidobacterium adolescentis – a beneficial microbe. Benef microbes. 2023; 14 (6): 525-551.DOI: 10.1163/18762891-20230030.</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="cit25"><label>25</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Coutzac C., Jouniaux J. M., Paci A., et al. Systemic short chain fatty acids limit antitumor effect of CTLA-4 blockade in hosts with cancer. Nat Commun. 2020; 11: 2168. DOI: 10.1038/s41467-020-16079-x.</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Coutzac C., Jouniaux J. M., Paci A., et al. Systemic short chain fatty acids limit antitumor effect of CTLA-4 blockade in hosts with cancer. Nat Commun. 2020; 11: 2168. DOI: 10.1038/s41467-020-16079-x.</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="cit26"><label>26</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Moreira de Gouveia M. I., Bernalier-Donadille A., Jubelin G. Enterobacteriaceae in the Human Gut: Dynamics and Ecological Roles in Health and Disease. Biology (Basel). 2024; 13 (3): 142. DOI: 10.3390/biology13030142.</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Moreira de Gouveia M. I., Bernalier-Donadille A., Jubelin G. Enterobacteriaceae in the Human Gut: Dynamics and Ecological Roles in Health and Disease. Biology (Basel). 2024; 13 (3): 142. DOI: 10.3390/biology13030142.</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="cit27"><label>27</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Bajaj J. S., Shamsaddini A., Acharya C., et al. Multiple bacterial virulence factors focused on adherence and biofilm formation associate with outcomes in cirrhosis. Gut Microbes. 2021; 13 (1): 1993584. DOI: 10.1080/19490976.2021.1993584.</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Bajaj J. S., Shamsaddini A., Acharya C., et al. Multiple bacterial virulence factors focused on adherence and biofilm formation associate with outcomes in cirrhosis. Gut Microbes. 2021; 13 (1): 1993584. DOI: 10.1080/19490976.2021.1993584.</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="cit28"><label>28</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Kiu R., Hall L. J. An update on the human and animal enteric pathogen Clostridium perfringens. Emerg Microbes Infect. 2018; 7 (1): 141. DOI: 10.1038/s41426-018-0144-8.</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Kiu R., Hall L. J. An update on the human and animal enteric pathogen Clostridium perfringens. Emerg Microbes Infect. 2018; 7 (1): 141. DOI: 10.1038/s41426-018-0144-8.</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="cit29"><label>29</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Coutzac C., Jouniaux J. M., Paci A., et al. Systemic short chain fatty acids limit antitumor effect of CTLA-4 blockade in hosts with cancer. Nat Commun. 2020; 11: 2168. DOI: 10.1038/s41467-020-16079-x.</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Coutzac C., Jouniaux J. M., Paci A., et al. Systemic short chain fatty acids limit antitumor effect of CTLA-4 blockade in hosts with cancer. Nat Commun. 2020; 11: 2168. DOI: 10.1038/s41467-020-16079-x.</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref></ref-list><fn-group><fn fn-type="conflict"><p>The authors declare that there are no conflicts of interest present.</p></fn></fn-group></back></article>
