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<article article-type="research-article" dtd-version="1.3" xmlns:mml="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" xmlns:xlink="http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink" xmlns:xsi="http://www.w3.org/2001/XMLSchema-instance" xml:lang="ru"><front><journal-meta><journal-id journal-id-type="publisher-id">lvrach</journal-id><journal-title-group><journal-title xml:lang="ru">Лечащий Врач</journal-title><trans-title-group xml:lang="en"><trans-title>Lechaschi Vrach</trans-title></trans-title-group></journal-title-group><issn pub-type="ppub">1560-5175</issn><issn pub-type="epub">2687-1181</issn><publisher><publisher-name></publisher-name></publisher></journal-meta><article-meta><article-id pub-id-type="doi">10.51793/OS.2025.28.2.009</article-id><article-id custom-type="elpub" pub-id-type="custom">lvrach-1362</article-id><article-categories><subj-group subj-group-type="heading"><subject>Research Article</subject></subj-group><subj-group subj-group-type="section-heading" xml:lang="ru"><subject>АКТУАЛЬНАЯ ТЕМА</subject></subj-group><subj-group subj-group-type="section-heading" xml:lang="en"><subject>TOPICAL THEME</subject></subj-group></article-categories><title-group><article-title>Возможности генетических исследований в отологии: обзор литературы</article-title><trans-title-group xml:lang="en"><trans-title>Opportunities for genetic research in otology: a review of the literature</trans-title></trans-title-group></title-group><contrib-group><contrib contrib-type="author" corresp="yes"><name-alternatives><name name-style="eastern" xml:lang="ru"><surname>Шулепова</surname><given-names>Э. А.</given-names></name><name name-style="western" xml:lang="en"><surname>Shulepova</surname><given-names>E. A.</given-names></name></name-alternatives><bio xml:lang="ru"><p>Шулепова Эльвира Анатольевна, к.м.н., доцент кафедры оториноларингологии с курсом повышения квалификации и переподготовки</p><p>220036, Минск, ул. Ленинградская, 6</p></bio><bio xml:lang="en"><p>Elvira A. Shulepova, Cand. Of Sci. (Med.), Associate Professor of the Department of Otorhinolaryngology with a course of advanced training and retraining</p><p>6 Leningradskaya str., Minsk, 220036</p></bio><email xlink:type="simple">lorkafedra@tut.by</email><xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff-1"/></contrib><contrib contrib-type="author" corresp="yes"><name-alternatives><name name-style="eastern" xml:lang="ru"><surname>Ниделько</surname><given-names>А. А.</given-names></name><name name-style="western" xml:lang="en"><surname>Nidelko</surname><given-names>A. A.</given-names></name></name-alternatives><bio xml:lang="ru"><p>Ниделько Анастасия Андреевна, оториноларинголог оториноларингологического отделения для детей стационара, научный сотрудник</p><p>220004, Минск, ул. Сухая, 8</p></bio><bio xml:lang="en"><p>Anastasia A. Nidelko, otorhinolaryngologist of the otorhinolaryngological department for children of the hospital, researcher</p><p>8 Sukhaya str., Minsk, 220004</p></bio><email xlink:type="simple">anastasiyanid11.11@mail.ru</email><xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff-2"/></contrib></contrib-group><aff-alternatives id="aff-1"><aff xml:lang="ru"><institution>Белорусский  государственный  медицинский  университет</institution><country>Беларусь</country></aff><aff xml:lang="en"><institution>Belarusian State Medical University</institution><country>Belarus</country></aff></aff-alternatives><aff-alternatives id="aff-2"><aff xml:lang="ru"><institution>Республиканский  научно-практический  центр  оториноларингологии</institution><country>Беларусь</country></aff><aff xml:lang="en"><institution>Republican Scientific and Practical Center of Otorhinolaryngology</institution><country>Belarus</country></aff></aff-alternatives><pub-date pub-type="collection"><year>2025</year></pub-date><pub-date pub-type="epub"><day>14</day><month>02</month><year>2025</year></pub-date><volume>0</volume><issue>2</issue><fpage>57</fpage><lpage>60</lpage><permissions><copyright-statement>Copyright &amp;#x00A9; Шулепова Э.А., Ниделько А.А., 2025</copyright-statement><copyright-year>2025</copyright-year><copyright-holder xml:lang="ru">Шулепова Э.А., Ниделько А.А.</copyright-holder><copyright-holder xml:lang="en">Shulepova E.A., Nidelko A.A.</copyright-holder><license xml:lang="ru" license-type="creative-commons-attribution" xlink:href="https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/" xlink:type="simple"><license-p>Данная работа распространяется под лицензией Creative Commons Attribution 4.0.</license-p></license><license xml:lang="en" license-type="creative-commons-attribution" xlink:href="https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/" xlink:type="simple"><license-p>This work is licensed under a Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 License.</license-p></license></permissions><self-uri xlink:href="https://journal.lvrach.ru/jour/article/view/1362">https://journal.lvrach.ru/jour/article/view/1362</self-uri><abstract><sec><title>Актуальность</title><p>Актуальность. Из-за серьезных психологических, социальных, экономических и медицинских последствий значительные усилия были вложены в идентификацию генов и молекулярных путей, участвующих в потере слуха для профилактики, улучшения реабилитации и разработки методов лечения заболеваний уха, связанных с потерей слуха. Технологии геномного секвенирования привели к открытию генов, связанных с потерей слуха. Исследования транскриптома и эпигенома внутреннего уха охарактеризовали ключевые регуляторы и пути, участвующие в развитии внутреннего уха, и проложили путь к их использованию в регенеративной медицине. Использование вирусных векторов для доставки генов на животных моделях при потере слуха побудило отрасль работать над внедрением таких подходов в клинику. Доставка генов с помощью аденоассоциированных вирусных векторов позволила целенаправленно манипулировать факторами транскрипции, участвующими в дифференцировке волосковых клеток, что открывает перспективы для генной терапии нейросенсорной тугоухости. Использование генетической диагностики и секвенирования в будущем может заменить аудиологический скрининг новорожденных из-за более высокой экономической эффективности. При наличии отделяемого при среднем отите с помощью полногеномного секвенирования клинических бактериальных изолятов можно подобрать подходящий и эффективный препарат, снижающий побочные эффекты. Остаются нерешенными вопросы относительно этического использования генетических данных и, в частности, генетических манипуляций. Поиски ответа на вопрос, как правильно распорядиться результатами генетического тестирования, могут привести к совершенно новым подходам в понимании патогенеза и лечения отологических заболеваний. Однако для большинства мультифакторных заболеваний значимых корреляций между измененными генами индивидов и подверженностью определенному заболеванию обнаружить не удалось или они были небольшими.</p></sec><sec><title>Результаты</title><p>Результаты. В статье представлен обзор литературы по данным медицинских баз данных Pubmed, Elibrary, Google Academy. Описаны возможности генетических исследований при нейросенсорной тугоухости, среднем отите и болезни Меньера.</p></sec></abstract><trans-abstract xml:lang="en"><sec><title>Background</title><p>Background. Because of the serious psychological, social, economic, and medical consequences, considerable effort has been invested in identifying genes and molecular pathways involved in hearing loss to prevent, improve rehabilitation, and develop treatments for ear diseases associated with hearing loss. Genomic sequencing technologies have led to the discovery of genes associated with hearing loss. Studies of the inner ear transcriptome and epigenome have characterized key regulators and pathways involved in inner ear development and paved the way for their use in regenerative medicine. The use of viral vectors for gene delivery in animal models of hearing loss has prompted the industry to work towards bringing such approaches into the clinic. Gene delivery using adeno-associated viral vectors, have allowed targeted manipulation of transcription factors involved in hair cell differentiation, which will open up prospects for gene therapy for sensorineural hearing loss. The use of genetic diagnosis and sequencing may replace audiologic screening of newborns in the future because of its higher cost-effectiveness. In the presence of otitis media, full genome sequencing of clinical bacterial isolates can be used to select an appropriate and effective drug that reduces side effects. Questions remain regarding the ethical use of genetic data and, in particular, genetic manipulation. The search for an answer to the question of how to properly dispose of the results of genetic testing may lead to entirely new approaches in understanding the pathogenesis and treatment of otologic diseases. However, for most multifactorial diseases, significant correlations between individuals' altered genes and susceptibility to a particular disease could not be found, or were small.</p></sec><sec><title>Results</title><p>Results. The article presents a literature review of data from medical databases: Pubmed, Elibrary, Google Academy. The possibilities of genetic research in sensorineural hearing loss, middle otitis media and Meniere's disease are described.</p></sec></trans-abstract><kwd-group xml:lang="ru"><kwd>прецизионная медицина</kwd><kwd>тугоухость</kwd><kwd>средний отит</kwd><kwd>болезнь Меньера</kwd><kwd>секвенирование генов</kwd><kwd>генетика</kwd></kwd-group><kwd-group xml:lang="en"><kwd>precision medicine</kwd><kwd>hearing loss</kwd><kwd>otitis media</kwd><kwd>Meniere's disease</kwd><kwd>gene sequencing</kwd><kwd>genetics</kwd></kwd-group></article-meta></front><back><ref-list><title>References</title><ref id="cit1"><label>1</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Щербо С. Н., Щербо Д. С. Медицина 5П: прецизионная медицина. Медицинский алфавит. 2015; 4 (18): 5-10.</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Shcherbo S. N., Shcherbo D. S. Medicine 5P: precision medicine. Medicinskij alfavit. 2015; 4 (18): 5-10. 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