<?xml version="1.0" encoding="UTF-8"?>
<!DOCTYPE article PUBLIC "-//NLM//DTD JATS (Z39.96) Journal Publishing DTD v1.3 20210610//EN" "JATS-journalpublishing1-3.dtd">
<article article-type="research-article" dtd-version="1.3" xmlns:mml="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" xmlns:xlink="http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink" xmlns:xsi="http://www.w3.org/2001/XMLSchema-instance" xml:lang="ru"><front><journal-meta><journal-id journal-id-type="publisher-id">lvrach</journal-id><journal-title-group><journal-title xml:lang="ru">Лечащий Врач</journal-title><trans-title-group xml:lang="en"><trans-title>Lechaschi Vrach</trans-title></trans-title-group></journal-title-group><issn pub-type="ppub">1560-5175</issn><issn pub-type="epub">2687-1181</issn><publisher><publisher-name></publisher-name></publisher></journal-meta><article-meta><article-id pub-id-type="doi">10.51793/OS.2024.27.4.004</article-id><article-id custom-type="elpub" pub-id-type="custom">lvrach-1219</article-id><article-categories><subj-group subj-group-type="heading"><subject>Research Article</subject></subj-group><subj-group subj-group-type="section-heading" xml:lang="ru"><subject>Статьи</subject></subj-group></article-categories><title-group><article-title>Вальпроат-индуцированная тромбоцитопения</article-title><trans-title-group xml:lang="en"><trans-title>Valproate-induced thrombocytopenia</trans-title></trans-title-group></title-group><contrib-group><contrib contrib-type="author" corresp="yes"><contrib-id contrib-id-type="orcid">https://orcid.org/0000-0001-7826-9657</contrib-id><name-alternatives><name name-style="eastern" xml:lang="ru"><surname>Изможерова</surname><given-names>Н. В.</given-names></name><name name-style="western" xml:lang="en"><surname>Izmozherova</surname><given-names>N. V.</given-names></name></name-alternatives><bio xml:lang="ru"><p>Изможерова Надежда Владимировна, д.м.н., заведующая кафедрой фармакологии и клинической фармакологии, Федеральное государственное бюджетное образовательное учреждение высшего образования «Уральский государственный медицинский университет» Министерства здравоохранения Российской Федерации;  главный внештатный специалист – клинический фармаколог, Министерство здравоохранения Свердловской области</p><p>620028, Екатеринбург, ул. Репина, 3;</p></bio><bio xml:lang="en"><p>Nadezhda V. Izmozherova, Dr. of Sci. (Med.), Associate Professor, Head of  the Department of Pharmacology and clinical pharmacology, Federal State Budgetary Educational Institution of Higher Education Ural State Medical University of the Ministry of Health of the Russian Federation; Chief freelance specialist-clinical pharmacologist, Ministry of Health of the Sverdlovsk region</p><p>3 Repina str., Yekaterinburg, 620028</p></bio><email xlink:type="simple">nadezhda_izm@mail.ru</email><xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff-1"/></contrib><contrib contrib-type="author" corresp="yes"><contrib-id contrib-id-type="orcid">https://orcid.org/0000-0001-6216-2468</contrib-id><name-alternatives><name name-style="eastern" xml:lang="ru"><surname>Попов</surname><given-names>А. А.</given-names></name><name name-style="western" xml:lang="en"><surname>Popov</surname><given-names>A. A.</given-names></name></name-alternatives><bio xml:lang="ru"><p>Попов Артем Анатольевич, д.м.н., доцент, заведующий кафедрой госпитальной терапии и скорой медицинской помощи</p><p>620028, Екатеринбург, ул. Репина, 3</p></bio><bio xml:lang="en"><p>Artem A. Popov, Dr. of Sci. (Med.), Head of the Department of Hospital Therapy and Urgent Medical Care Service</p><p>3 Repina str., Yekaterinburg, 620028</p></bio><email xlink:type="simple">art_popov@mail.ru</email><xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff-1"/></contrib><contrib contrib-type="author" corresp="yes"><contrib-id contrib-id-type="orcid">https://orcid.org/0000-0002-9957-2505</contrib-id><name-alternatives><name name-style="eastern" xml:lang="ru"><surname>Антропова</surname><given-names>И. П.</given-names></name><name name-style="western" xml:lang="en"><surname>Antropova</surname><given-names>I. P.</given-names></name></name-alternatives><bio xml:lang="ru"><p>Антропова Ирина Петровна, д.б.н., ведущий научный сотрудник Центральной научно-исследовательской лаборатории</p><p>620028, Екатеринбург, ул. Репина, 3</p></bio><bio xml:lang="en"><p>Irina P. Antropova, Dr. Sci. (Biol.), Leading Researcher of the Central Research Laboratory</p><p>5 Klyuchevskaya str., Ekaterinburg, 620109</p></bio><email xlink:type="simple">aip.hemolab@mail.ru</email><xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff-1"/></contrib><contrib contrib-type="author" corresp="yes"><contrib-id contrib-id-type="orcid">https://orcid.org/0000-0002-2623-2657</contrib-id><name-alternatives><name name-style="eastern" xml:lang="ru"><surname>Кадников</surname><given-names>Л. И.</given-names></name><name name-style="western" xml:lang="en"><surname>Kadnikov</surname><given-names>L. I.</given-names></name></name-alternatives><bio xml:lang="ru"><p>Кадников Леонид Игоревич, аспирант кафедры фармакологии и клинической фармакологии</p><p>620028, Екатеринбург, ул. Репина, 3</p></bio><bio xml:lang="en"><p>Leonid I. Kadnikov, PhD student, Department of Pharmacology and Clinical Pharmacology</p><p>3 Repina str., Yekaterinburg, 620028</p></bio><email xlink:type="simple">kadn-leonid@mail.ru</email><xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff-1"/></contrib><contrib contrib-type="author" corresp="yes"><contrib-id contrib-id-type="orcid">https://orcid.org/0009-0000-6979-2753</contrib-id><name-alternatives><name name-style="eastern" xml:lang="ru"><surname>Кружевникова</surname><given-names>Д. А.</given-names></name><name name-style="western" xml:lang="en"><surname>Kruzhevnikova</surname><given-names>D. A.</given-names></name></name-alternatives><bio xml:lang="ru"><p>Кружевникова Дарья Александровна, студентка лечебно-профилактического факультета</p><p>620028, Екатеринбург, ул. Репина, 3</p></bio><bio xml:lang="en"><p>Daria A. Kruzhevnikova, Student of Faculty of General Medicine</p><p>3 Repina str., Yekaterinburg, 620028</p></bio><email xlink:type="simple">krugevlinka@mail.ru</email><xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff-1"/></contrib><contrib contrib-type="author" corresp="yes"><contrib-id contrib-id-type="orcid">https://orcid.org/0009-0006-4779-2588</contrib-id><name-alternatives><name name-style="eastern" xml:lang="ru"><surname>Макарова</surname><given-names>О. А.</given-names></name><name name-style="western" xml:lang="en"><surname>Makarova</surname><given-names>O. A.</given-names></name></name-alternatives><bio xml:lang="ru"><p>Макарова Ольга Александровна, студентка лечебно-профилактического факультета</p><p>620028, Екатеринбург, ул. Репина, 3</p></bio><bio xml:lang="en"><p>Olga A. Makarova, Student of Faculty of General Medicine</p><p>3 Repina str., Yekaterinburg, 620028</p></bio><email xlink:type="simple">o.makarova.o@yandex.ru</email><xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff-1"/></contrib></contrib-group><aff-alternatives id="aff-1"><aff xml:lang="ru"><institution>Уральский государственный медицинский университет</institution><country>Россия</country></aff><aff xml:lang="en"><institution>Ural State Medical University</institution><country>Russian Federation</country></aff></aff-alternatives><pub-date pub-type="collection"><year>2024</year></pub-date><pub-date pub-type="epub"><day>13</day><month>04</month><year>2024</year></pub-date><volume>0</volume><issue>4</issue><fpage>30</fpage><lpage>35</lpage><permissions><copyright-statement>Copyright &amp;#x00A9; Изможерова Н.В., Попов А.А., Антропова И.П., Кадников Л.И., Кружевникова Д.А., Макарова О.А., 2024</copyright-statement><copyright-year>2024</copyright-year><copyright-holder xml:lang="ru">Изможерова Н.В., Попов А.А., Антропова И.П., Кадников Л.И., Кружевникова Д.А., Макарова О.А.</copyright-holder><copyright-holder xml:lang="en">Izmozherova N.V., Popov A.A., Antropova I.P., Kadnikov L.I., Kruzhevnikova D.A., Makarova O.A.</copyright-holder><license xml:lang="ru" license-type="creative-commons-attribution" xlink:href="https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/" xlink:type="simple"><license-p>Данная работа распространяется под лицензией Creative Commons Attribution 4.0.</license-p></license><license xml:lang="en" license-type="creative-commons-attribution" xlink:href="https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/" xlink:type="simple"><license-p>This work is licensed under a Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 License.</license-p></license></permissions><self-uri xlink:href="https://journal.lvrach.ru/jour/article/view/1219">https://journal.lvrach.ru/jour/article/view/1219</self-uri><abstract><sec><title>Введение</title><p>Введение. Вальпроевая кислота широко назначается в качестве противоэпилептического препарата и стабилизатора настроения. Несмотря на широту ее назначения, она имеет ряд побочных эффектов: усталость, тремор, седация, гепатотоксичность, увеличение веса, выпадение волос и тромбоцитопения. Лекарственно-индуцированная тромбоцитопения на фоне применения вальпроевой кислоты развивается при ее использовании в дозе более 1000 мг/сут, сопутствующем применении антиагрегантов, а также у пожилых пациентов. Данный побочный эффект обычно развивается в течение 1-2 недель после приема лекарственного средства, однако симптомы могут возникнуть и непосредственно после приема препарата. У пациентов наблюдаются петехии, экхимозы и пурпура, а также носовое кровотечение, гематурия, кровоточивость десен и гематохезия.</p></sec><sec><title>Цель работы</title><p>Цель работы. Провести анализ и систематизацию литературных данных о причинах, механизме и частоте развития тромбоцитопении на препараты вальпроевой кислоты.</p></sec><sec><title>Материалы и методы</title><p>Материалы и методы. Проведен анализ 42 отечественных и зарубежных публикаций по теме развития тромбоцитопении в ответ на препараты вальпроевой кислоты.</p></sec><sec><title>Результаты</title><p>Результаты. Частота развития тромбоцитопении в ответ на препараты вальпроевой кислоты составляет от 5% до 31% в общей выборке, до 54% у пожилых людей. Вальпроевая кислота оказывает прямое токсическое воздействие на костный мозг, что снижает выработку нейтрофильного и эритроидного ростков костного мозга посредством ингибирования дифференцировки эритроцитов и активации миеломоноцитарного пути. Помимо того, происходит включение вальпроевой кислоты в мембрану тромбоцитов вследствие структурного и химического сходства с жирными кислотами клеточных мембран. Это способствует выработке аутоантител, направленных против циркулирующих тромбоцитов, и приводит к усиленной деструкции тромбоцитов и тромбоцитопении.</p></sec><sec><title>Заключение</title><p>Заключение. Тромбоцитопения считается распространенным побочным эффектом при применении препаратов вальпроевой кислоты, но все-таки вызывает меньший интерес в клинических исследованиях, несмотря на важные терапевтические последствия. Необходимы дальнейшие исследования, направленные на изучение данной проблемы.</p></sec></abstract><trans-abstract xml:lang="en"><sec><title>Background</title><p>Background. Valproic acid is widely prescribed as an antiepileptic drug and mood stabilizer. Fatigue, tremor, sedation, hepatotoxicity, weight gain, hair loss and thrombocytopenia have been reported as side effects. Drug-induced thrombocytopenia occurs as the valproic acid dosage exceeds 1000 mg/day, or during concomitant antiplatelet agents administration, as well as in elderly patients. This side effect usually develops within 1-2 weeks after the drug initiation, but symptoms may also occur immediately after taking the drug. Patients present with petechiae, ecchymosis, and purpura, as well as epistaxis, hematuria, gingival bleeding, and hematochezia. Aim of the review. To analyze and systematize the literature data on the causes, mechanism and incidence of thrombocytopenia in response to valproic acid preparations.</p></sec><sec><title>Materials and methods</title><p>Materials and methods. An analysis of 42 domestic and foreign publications on the topic of thrombocytopenia due to valproic acid preparations was carried out.</p></sec><sec><title>Results</title><p>Results. The incidence of thrombocytopenia due to valproic acid drugs ranges from 5 to 31% in the general sample, up to 54% in elder people. Valproic acid has a direct toxic effect on the bone marrow, which reduces the production of neutrophil and erythroid lineages in the bone marrow through inhibition of erythrocyte differentiation and activation of the myelomonocytic pathway. In addition, valproic acid is incorporated into the platelet membrane due to its structural and chemical similarity to fatty acids in cell membranes. This promotes the production of autoantibodies directed against circulating platelets and leads to increased platelet destruction and thrombocytopenia.</p></sec><sec><title>Conclusion</title><p>Conclusion. Thrombocytopenia is considered a common side effect of valproic acid drugs but has received less interest in clinical trials despite important therapeutic implications. Further research is needed to address this issue.</p></sec></trans-abstract><kwd-group xml:lang="ru"><kwd>тромбоциты</kwd><kwd>тромбоцитопения</kwd><kwd>вальпроевая кислота</kwd><kwd>гемостаз</kwd></kwd-group><kwd-group xml:lang="en"><kwd>platelets</kwd><kwd>thrombocytopenia</kwd><kwd>valproic acid</kwd><kwd>hemostasis</kwd></kwd-group></article-meta></front><back><ref-list><title>References</title><ref id="cit1"><label>1</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Al-Nouri Z. L., George J. N. Drug-induced thrombocytopenia: an updated systematic review, 2012. Drug Saf. 2012; 35 (8): 693-694. https://doi.org/10.2165/11633310-000000000-00000.</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Al-Nouri Z. L., George J. N. Drug-induced thrombocytopenia: an updated systematic review, 2012. Drug Saf. 2012; 35 (8): 693-694. https://doi.org/10.2165/11633310-000000000-00000.</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="cit2"><label>2</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Verrotti A., Greco R., Matera V., et al. Platelet count and function in children receiving sodium valproate. Pediatr Neurol 1999; 21: 611-614. DOI: 10.1016/s0887-8994(99)00060-0.</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Verrotti A., Greco R., Matera V., et al. Platelet count and function in children receiving sodium valproate. Pediatr Neurol 1999; 21: 611-614. DOI: 10.1016/s0887-8994(99)00060-0.</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="cit3"><label>3</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Chen H. F., Xu L. P., Luo Z. Y., et al. Valproic acid-associated low fibrinogen and delayed intracranial hemorrhage: case report and mini literature review. Drug Des Devel Ther. 2013; 7: 767-770. https://doi.org/10.2147/DDDT.S47718.</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Chen H. F., Xu L. P., Luo Z. Y., et al. Valproic acid-associated low fibrinogen and delayed intracranial hemorrhage: case report and mini literature review. Drug Des Devel Ther. 2013; 7: 767-770. https://doi.org/10.2147/DDDT.S47718.</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="cit4"><label>4</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Kakunje A., Prabhu A., Sindhu Priya E. S., et al. Valproate: It's Effects on Hair. Int J Trichology. 2018; 10 (4): 150-153. https://doi.org/10.4103/ijt.ijt_10_18.</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Kakunje A., Prabhu A., Sindhu Priya E. S., et al. Valproate: It's Effects on Hair. Int J Trichology. 2018; 10 (4): 150-153. https://doi.org/10.4103/ijt.ijt_10_18.</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="cit5"><label>5</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Nanau R. M., Neuman M. G. Adverse drug reactions induced by valproic acid. Clin Biochem. 2013; 46 (15): 1323-1338. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.clinbiochem.2013.06.012.</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Nanau R. M., Neuman M. G. Adverse drug reactions induced by valproic acid. Clin Biochem. 2013; 46 (15): 1323-1338. https://doi.org/10.1016/j. clinbiochem.2013.06.012.</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="cit6"><label>6</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Burton B. On the propyl derivatives and decomposition products of ethylacetoacetate. J Am Chem Soc. 1882; 3: 385–395.</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Burton B. On the propyl derivatives and decomposition products of ethylacetoacetate. J Am Chem Soc. 1882; 3: 385–395.</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="cit7"><label>7</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">López-Muñoz F., Baumeister A. A., Hawkins M. F., Alamo C. The role of serendipity in the discovery of the clinical effects of psychotropic drugs: beyond of the myth. Actas Esp Psiquiatr. 2012; 40 (1): 34-42. PMID: 22344494.</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">López-Muñoz F., Baumeister A. A., Hawkins M. F., Alamo C. The role of serendipity in the discovery of the clinical effects of psychotropic drugs: beyond of the myth. Actas Esp Psiquiatr. 2012; 40 (1): 34-42. PMID: 22344494.</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="cit8"><label>8</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Tomson T., Battino D., Perucca E. The remarkable story of valproic acid. Lancet Neurol. 2016; 15 (2): 141. https://doi.org/10.1016/S1474-4422(15)00398-1.</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Tomson T., Battino D., Perucca E. The remarkable story of valproic acid. Lancet Neurol. 2016; 15 (2): 141. https://doi.org/10.1016/S1474-4422(15)00398-1.</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="cit9"><label>9</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Fountoulakis K. N., Grunze H., Vieta E., et al. The International College of Neuro-Psychopharmacology (CINP) treatment guidelines for Bipolar disorder in adults (CINP-BD-2017), part 3: the clinical guidelines. Int J Neuropsychopharmacol. 2016; 20: 180-195. https://doi.org/10.1093/ijnp/pyw109.</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Fountoulakis K. N., Grunze H., Vieta E., et al. The International College of Neuro-Psychopharmacology (CINP) treatment guidelines for Bipolar disorder in adults (CINP-BD-2017), part 3: the clinical guidelines. Int J Neuropsychopharmacol. 2016; 20: 180-195. https://doi.org/10.1093/ijnp/ pyw109.</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="cit10"><label>10</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Карпова В. И., Пылаева О. А., Мухин К. Ю., Петрухин А. С. Вальпроевая кислота и ее соли – от истории открытия до клинической практики (исторический очерк). Русский журнал детской неврологии. 2011; 6 (3): 36-44.</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Karpova V. I., Pylaeva О. А., Mukhin K. Yu., Petrukhin A. S. Valproic acid and its salts – from history of discovery to clinical practice (a historical review). Russkii zhurnal detskoi nevrologii. 2011; 6 (3): 36-44. (In Russ.)</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="cit11"><label>11</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Chateauvieux S., Morceau F., Dicato M., Diederich M. Molecular and therapeutic potential and toxicity of valproic acid. J Biomed Biotechnol. 2010; 2010: 479364. https://doi.org/10.1155/2010/479364.</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Chateauvieux S., Morceau F., Dicato M., Diederich M. Molecular and therapeutic potential and toxicity of valproic acid. J Biomed Biotechnol. 2010; 2010: 479364. https://doi.org/10.1155/2010/479364.</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="cit12"><label>12</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Smetana K. S., Cook A. M., Bastin M. L., Oyler D. R. Antiepileptic dosing for critically ill adult patients receiving renal replacement therapy. J Crit Care. 2016; 36: 116-124. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jcrc.2016.06.023.</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Smetana K. S., Cook A. M., Bastin M. L., Oyler D. R. Antiepileptic dosing for critically ill adult patients receiving renal replacement therapy. J Crit Care. 2016; 36: 116-124. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jcrc.2016.06.023.</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="cit13"><label>13</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Bentué-Ferrer D., Tribut O., Verdier M. C.; Suivi Thérapeutique Pharmacologique de la Société Française de Pharmacologie et de Thérapeutique. Suivi thérapeutique pharmacologique du valproate [Therapeutic drug monitoring of valproate]. Therapie. 2010; 65 (3): 233-240. French. https://doi.org/10.2515/therapie/2010029.</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Bentué-Ferrer D., Tribut O., Verdier M. C.; Suivi Thérapeutique Pharmacologique de la Société Française de Pharmacologie et de Thérapeutique. Suivi thérapeutique pharmacologique du valproate [Therapeutic drug monitoring of valproate]. Therapie. 2010; 65 (3): 233-240. French. https://doi.org/10.2515/therapie/2010029.</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="cit14"><label>14</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Lin K., Cao V. F. S., Au C., Dahri K. Clinical Pharmacokinetic Monitoring of Free Valproic Acid Levels: A Systematic Review. Clin Pharmacokinet. 2022; 61 (10): 1345-1363. https://doi.org/10.1007/s40262-022-01171-w.</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Lin K., Cao V. F. S., Au C., Dahri K. Clinical Pharmacokinetic Monitoring of Free Valproic Acid Levels: A Systematic Review. Clin Pharmacokinet. 2022; 61 (10): 1345-1363. https://doi.org/10.1007/s40262-022-01171-w.</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="cit15"><label>15</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Wallenburg E., Klok B., de Jong K., et al. Monitoring Protein-Unbound Valproic Acid Serum Concentrations in Clinical Practice. Ther Drug Monit. 2017; 39 (3): 269-272. https://doi.org/10.1097/FTD.0000000000000405.</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Wallenburg E., Klok B., de Jong K., et al. Monitoring Protein-Unbound Valproic Acid Serum Concentrations in Clinical Practice. Ther Drug Monit. 2017; 39 (3): 269-272. https://doi.org/10.1097/FTD.0000000000000405.</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="cit16"><label>16</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Tseng Y. J., Huang S. Y., Kuo C. H., et al. Safety range of free valproic acid serum concentration in adult patients. PLoS One. 2020; 15 (9): e0238201. https://doi.org/10.1371/journal.pone.0238201.</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Tseng Y. J., Huang S. Y., Kuo C. H., et al. Safety range of free valproic acid serum concentration in adult patients. PLoS One. 2020; 15 (9): e0238201. https://doi.org/10.1371/journal.pone.0238201.</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="cit17"><label>17</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Doré M., San Juan A. E., Frenette A. J., Williamson D. Clinical Importance of Monitoring Unbound Valproic Acid Concentration in Patients with Hypoalbuminemia. Pharmacotherapy. 2017; 37 (8): 900-907. https://doi.org/10.1002/phar.1965.</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Doré M., San Juan A. E., Frenette A. J., Williamson D. Clinical Importance of Monitoring Unbound Valproic Acid Concentration in Patients with Hypoalbuminemia. Pharmacotherapy. 2017; 37 (8): 900-907. https://doi.org/10.1002/phar.1965.</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="cit18"><label>18</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Nasreddine W., Dirani M., Atweh S., et al. Determinants of free serum valproate concentration: A prospective study in patients on divalproex sodium monotherapy. Seizure. 2018; 59: 24-27. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.seizure.2018.04.012.</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Nasreddine W., Dirani M., Atweh S., et al. Determinants of free serum valproate concentration: A prospective study in patients on divalproex sodium monotherapy. Seizure. 2018; 59: 24-27. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.seizure.2018.04.012.</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="cit19"><label>19</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Riker R. R., Gagnon D. J., Hatton C., et al. Valproate Protein Binding Is Highly Variable in ICU Patients and Not Predicted by Total Serum Concentrations: A Case Series and Literature Review. Pharmacotherapy. 2017; 37 (4): 500-508. https://doi.org/10.1002/phar.1912.</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Riker R. R., Gagnon D. J., Hatton C., et al. Valproate Protein Binding Is Highly Variable in ICU Patients and Not Predicted by Total Serum Concentrations: A Case Series and Literature Review. Pharmacotherapy. 2017; 37 (4): 500-508. https://doi.org/10.1002/phar.1912.</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="cit20"><label>20</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Остроумова О. Д., Кравченко Е. В., Кочетков А. И. Лекарственно-индуцированная тромбоцитопения. Клиническая фармакология и терапия. 2019; 28 (4): 56-64. https://doi.org/10.32756/0869-5490-2019-4-56-64.</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Ostroumova O. D., Kravchenko E. V., Kochetkov A. I. Drug-induced thrombocy-topenia. Klinicheskaya farmakologiya i terapiya. 2019; 28 (4): 56-64. (In Russ.) https://doi.org/10.32756/0869-5490-2019-4-56-64.</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="cit21"><label>21</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Verrotti A., Scaparrotta A., Grosso S., et al. Anticonvulsant drugs and hematological disease. Neurol Sci. 2014; 35: 983-993. https://doi.org/10.1007/s10072-014-1701-0.</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Verrotti A., Scaparrotta A., Grosso S., et al. Anticonvulsant drugs and hematological disease. Neurol Sci. 2014; 35: 983-993. https://doi.org/10.1007/s10072-014-1701-0.</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="cit22"><label>22</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Ibadova R. Valproic acid-induced thrombocytopenia. Eur J Paediatr Neurol. 2017; 21 (1): E31. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ejpn.2017.04.792.</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Ibadova R. Valproic acid-induced thrombocytopenia. Eur J Paediatr Neurol. 2017; 21 (1): E31. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ejpn.2017.04.792.</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="cit23"><label>23</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Nasreddine W., Beydoun A. Valproate-induced thrombocytopenia: a prospective monotherapy study. Epilepsia. 2008; 49 (3): 438-445. https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1528-1167.2007.01429.x.</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Nasreddine W., Beydoun A. Valproate-induced thrombocytopenia: a prospective monotherapy study. Epilepsia. 2008; 49 (3): 438-445. https://doi.org/10.1111/ j.1528-1167.2007.01429.x.</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="cit24"><label>24</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Schobben F., van Der Kleijn E. Determination of sodium di-n-propylacetate in plasma by gas-liquid chromatography. Pharmacol Week. 1974; 109: 30-33.</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Schobben F., van Der Kleijn E. Determination of sodium di-n-propylacetate in plasma by gas-liquid chromatography. Pharmacol Week. 1974; 109: 30-33.</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="cit25"><label>25</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Vajda F., Morris P., Drummer O., Bladin P. Clinical and pharmacological aspects of sodium valproate. In Legg NJ (Ed). Treatment of epilepsy. MCS Consultants, Tunbridge Wells, Kent, United Kingdom. 1976: 91-100.</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Vajda F., Morris P., Drummer O., Bladin P. Clinical and pharmacological aspects of sodium valproate. In Legg NJ (Ed). Treatment of epilepsy. MCS Consultants, Tunbridge Wells, Kent, United Kingdom. 1976: 91-100.</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="cit26"><label>26</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Barr R. D., Copeland S. A., Stockwell M. L., et al. Valproic acid and immune thrombocytopenia. Arch Dis Child. 1982; 57 (9): 681-684. https://doi.org/10.1136/adc.57.9.681.</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Barr R. D., Copeland S. A., Stockwell M. L., et al. Valproic acid and immune thrombocytopenia. Arch Dis Child. 1982; 57 (9): 681-684. https://doi.org/10.1136/adc.57.9.681.</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="cit27"><label>27</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Kim D. W., Kim W., Lee C. H., Chun Y. I. Thrombocytopenia during intravenous valproic acid therapy in the neurological intensive care unit. J Clin Pharm Ther. 2020; 45 (5): 1014-1020. https://doi.org/10.1111/jcpt.13125.</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Kim D. W., Kim W., Lee C. H., Chun Y. I. Thrombocytopenia during intravenous valproic acid therapy in the neurological intensive care unit. J Clin Pharm Ther. 2020; 45 (5): 1014-1020. https://doi.org/10.1111/jcpt.13125.</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="cit28"><label>28</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Buoli M., Serati M., Botturi A., Altamura A. C. The Risk of Thrombocytopenia During Valproic Acid Therapy: A Critical Summary of Available Clinical Data. Drugs R D. 2018; 18 (1): 1-5. https://doi.org/10.1007/s40268-017-0224-6.</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Buoli M., Serati M., Botturi A., Altamura A. C. The Risk of Thrombocytopenia During Valproic Acid Therapy: A Critical Summary of Available Clinical Data. Drugs R D. 2018; 18 (1): 1-5. https://doi.org/10.1007/s40268-017-0224-6.</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="cit29"><label>29</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Iorio M. L., Moretti U., Colcera S., et al. Use and safety profile of antiepileptic drugs in Italy. Eur J Clin Pharmacol. 2007; 63 (4): 409-415. https://doi.org/10.1007/s00228-006-0236-6.</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Iorio M. L., Moretti U., Colcera S., et al. Use and safety profile of antiepileptic drugs in Italy. Eur J Clin Pharmacol. 2007; 63 (4): 409-415. https://doi.org/10.1007/s00228-006-0236-6.</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="cit30"><label>30</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">May R. B., Sunder T. R. Hematologic manifestations of long-term valproate therapy. Epilepsia. 1993; 34 (6): 1098-1101. https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1528-1157.1993.tb02139.x.</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">May R. B., Sunder T. R. Hematologic manifestations of long-term valproate therapy. Epilepsia. 1993; 34 (6): 1098-1101. https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1528-1157.1993.tb02139.x.</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="cit31"><label>31</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Vasudev K., Keown P., Gibb I., McAllister-Williams R.H. Hematological effects of valproate in psychiatric patients: what are the risk factors? J Clin Psychopharmacol. 2010; 30 (3): 282-285. https://doi.org/10.1097/JCP.0b013e3181db2684.</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Vasudev K., Keown P., Gibb I., McAllister-Williams R.H. Hematological effects of valproate in psychiatric patients: what are the risk factors? J Clin Psychopharmacol. 2010; 30 (3): 282-285. https://doi.org/10.1097/JCP.0b013e3181db2684.</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="cit32"><label>32</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Conley E. L., Coley K. C., Pollock B. G., et al. Prevalence and risk of thrombocytopenia with valproic acid: experience at a psychiatric teaching hospital. Pharmacotherapy. 2001; 21 (11): 1325-1330. https://doi.org/10.1592/phco.21.17.1325.34418.</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Conley E. L., Coley K. C., Pollock B. G., et al. Prevalence and risk of thrombocytopenia with valproic acid: experience at a psychiatric teaching hospital. Pharmacotherapy. 2001; 21 (11): 1325-1330. https://doi.org/10.1592/ phco.21.17.1325.34418.</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="cit33"><label>33</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Trannel T. J., Ahmed I., Goebert D. Occurrence of thrombocytopenia in psychiatric patients taking valproate. Am J Psychiatry. 2001; 158 (1): 128-130. https://doi.org/10.1176/appi.ajp.158.1.128.</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Trannel T. J., Ahmed I., Goebert D. Occurrence of thrombocytopenia in psychiatric patients taking valproate. Am J Psychiatry. 2001; 158 (1): 128-130. https://doi.org/10.1176/appi.ajp.158.1.128.</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="cit34"><label>34</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Zighetti M. L., Fontana G., Lussana F., et al. Effects of chronic administration of valproic acid to epileptic patients on coagulation tests and primary hemostasis. Epilepsia. 2015; 56 (5): e49-52. https://doi.org/10.1111/epi.12952.</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Zighetti M. L., Fontana G., Lussana F., et al. Effects of chronic administration of valproic acid to epileptic patients on coagulation tests and primary hemostasis. Epilepsia. 2015; 56 (5): e49-52. https://doi.org/10.1111/epi.12952.</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="cit35"><label>35</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Post D. S., van der Veer A., Schijns O. E. M. G., et al. Assessment of need for hemostatic evaluation in patients taking valproic acid: A retrospective crosssectional study. PLoS One. 2022; 17 (2): e0264351. https://doi.org/10.1371/journal.pone.0264351.</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Post D. S., van der Veer A., Schijns O. E. M. G., et al. Assessment of need for hemostatic evaluation in patients taking valproic acid: A retrospective crosssectional study. PLoS One. 2022; 17 (2): e0264351. https://doi.org/10.1371/journal.pone.0264351.</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="cit36"><label>36</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Nasreddine W., Atweh S. F., Beydoun A. A., et al. Predicting the occurrence of thrombocytopenia from free valproate levels: A prospective study. Seizure. 2022; 94: 33-38. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.seizure.2021.11.018.</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Nasreddine W., Atweh S. F., Beydoun A. A., et al. Predicting the occurrence of thrombocytopenia from free valproate levels: A prospective study. Seizure. 2022; 94: 33-38. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.seizure.2021.11.018.</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="cit37"><label>37</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Martínez-Lazcano M. T., Esplá-González S., Herraiz-Robles P., et al. Uso de ácido valproico en unidades de psiquiatría de estancia prolongada [Use of valproic acid in long stay units of psychiatry]. Farm Hosp. 2015; 39 (2): 92-101. Spanish. https://doi.org/10.7399/fh.2015.39.2.8460.</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Martínez-Lazcano M. T., Esplá-González S., Herraiz-Robles P., et al. Uso de ácido valproico en unidades de psiquiatría de estancia prolongada [Use of valproic acid in long stay units of psychiatry]. Farm Hosp. 2015; 39 (2): 92-101. Spanish. https://doi.org/10.7399/fh.2015.39.2.8460.</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="cit38"><label>38</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Gagnon D. J., Fontaine G. V., Smith K. E., et al. Valproate for agitation in critically ill patients: A retrospective study. J Crit Care. 2017; 37: 119-125. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jcrc.2016.09.006.</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Gagnon D. J., Fontaine G. V., Smith K. E., et al. Valproate for agitation in critically ill patients: A retrospective study. J Crit Care. 2017; 37: 119-125. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jcrc.2016.09.006.</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="cit39"><label>39</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Tohen M., Castillo J., Baldessarini R. J., et al. Blood dyscrasias with carbamazepine and valproate: a pharmacoepidemiological study of 2,228 patients at risk. Am J Psychiatry 1995; 152: 413-418. https://doi.org/10.1176/ajp.152.3.413.</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Tohen M., Castillo J., Baldessarini R. J., et al. Blood dyscrasias with carbamazepine and valproate: a pharmacoepidemiological study of 2,228 patients at risk. Am J Psychiatry 1995; 152: 413-418. https://doi.org/10.1176/ajp.152.3.413.</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="cit40"><label>40</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Gidal B., Spencer N., Maly M., et al. Valproate-mediated disturbances of hemostasis: relationship to dose and plasma concentration. Neurology 1994; 44: 1418-1422. https://doi.org/10.1212/wnl.44.8.1418.</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Gidal B., Spencer N., Maly M., et al. Valproate-mediated disturbances of hemostasis: relationship to dose and plasma concentration. Neurology 1994; 44: 1418-1422. https://doi.org/10.1212/wnl.44.8.1418. 41. Shaikh A. S., Liu H., Li Y., et al. Therapeutic drug monitoring of valproic acid. Pak J Pharm Sci. 2018; 31 (4(Special)): 1773-1776. PMID: 30203778.</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="cit41"><label>41</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Shaikh A. S., Liu H., Li Y., et al. Therapeutic drug monitoring of valproic acid. Pak J Pharm Sci. 2018; 31 (4(Special)): 1773-1776. PMID: 30203778.</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Riahi-Zanjani B., Delirrad M., Fazeli-Bakhtiyari R., et al. Hematological Consequences of Valproic Acid in Pediatric Patients: A Systematic Review with a Mechanistic Approach. CNS Neurol Disord Drug Targets. 2022; 21 (4): 316-325. https://doi.org/10.2174/1871527320666210811162345.</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="cit42"><label>42</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Riahi-Zanjani B., Delirrad M., Fazeli-Bakhtiyari R., et al. Hematological Consequences of Valproic Acid in Pediatric Patients: A Systematic Review with a Mechanistic Approach. CNS Neurol Disord Drug Targets. 2022; 21 (4): 316-325. https://doi.org/10.2174/1871527320666210811162345.</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Riahi-Zanjani B., Delirrad M., Fazeli-Bakhtiyari R., et al. Hematological Consequences of Valproic Acid in Pediatric Patients: A Systematic Review with a Mechanistic Approach. CNS Neurol Disord Drug Targets. 2022; 21 (4): 316-325. https://doi.org/10.2174/1871527320666210811162345.</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref></ref-list><fn-group><fn fn-type="conflict"><p>The authors declare that there are no conflicts of interest present.</p></fn></fn-group></back></article>
